My Nursing Ethics Kelly Martinez Grand Canyon University

My Nursing Ethics Kelly Martinez Grand Canyon University: Introduction to the Study of Ethics 10/14/2012 My Nursing Ethic PASSION: Why am I here? As a child I was always attracted to the smaller, weakened animal I found in my yard, i. e. dying birds, kittens, bugs, etc. The animals we owned were never neutered which resulted in a numerous amount of puppies and kittens. I was intrigued by the cycle of life. Originally I wanted to become a veterinarian. The financial strain on my family made it apparent that it would not be possible.As fate would have it, there was a two year waiting list for nursing school, but I was readily accepted into a two year respiratory program. At the end of the respiratory program, I stayed for one more year to specialize in NICU. As time passed, I became very passionate about the patient care aspect; however the nurse always pulled rank on my practice. It was at this point in my career that I knew I wanted to be the nurse. I felt I knew everything there was to know about nursing; luckily I was mentored by a group of seasoned nurses who molded me to be the nurse I am today.They taught me who I was and what I was made of. I learned that I had very strong traditions of the Contemporary medical care culture. I was raised a strict Catholic and believe that the Physician held the same status as that of the Priest. Both were held in the highest regard and you never questioned their word. You were religious about visitation, immunizations and treatment. I never questioned the physician in regards to treatment plan or care. I was a stickler for following the rules no matter what my own personal morals or beliefs were.MOTIVATION: What moves me to act? For the most part, I worked in a predominately white middle class community hospital which had roughly the same ethical morals, values and beliefs as I did. Rarely did we care for a minority. As I matured and began to recognize what my nursing ethics were all about, I began to question physician o rders when I felt they were not in the best interest of the patient. I began to question treatments that I was performing which seemed to have little or no effect.Because of my strong moral convictions, when a family member questioned the treatment I was providing, which I didn’t have a real answer for except, â€Å"your doctor ordered it† made me uncomfortable. I was unhappy with this response as was the family. I needed answers for myself as well as the patient. I needed to believe that I was practicing medicine to the best of my ability. I had a moral obligation to my patients to do the right thing regardless of the physicians written orders. I was the one caring for the patient and their families for 72hrs. t a stretch, while the physician was there for only 15 minutes. I came to understand the patient’s culture, values and beliefs. I wanted to advocate for their wishes. I need to do more than carry out orders written in a chart. INSPIRATION: What keeps me i n motion? Because of my personal values and beliefs and how it related to my nursing philosophy I felt obligated to stand up for what I believed in. As luck would have it, I was at the beginning of the, â€Å"Evidence Based Practice†, era. I jumped on every class, committee, and program I could find to support my nursing convictions.I taught one of the first â€Å"Culture Sensitivity† classes at my facility. I rewrote the ICU visitation policy to include families during CPR if they were so inclined. I attended classes on wound care and followed home care nurses to learn how they treated unstageable non healing wounds. I was no longer willing to follow doctor’s orders just because they were written in a chart. I needed to know that the care I provided was morally and ethically sound. LOYALTY: Whom do I serve? One late Sunday afternoon I received a very obese restless, combative full arrest from the ED.I was challenged to keep him in the bed and from pulling out h is ET tube. I turned to his family for assistance in finding out why he was so angry. His wife was a very small timid abused woman who was afraid of her own shadow. He was an abusive alcoholic and a diabetic. He was non-compliant with any medical regimen. His legs were swollen with weeping wounds. He refused any medical treatment and had told his wife if she took him to the hospital he would surely kill her. Because of this woman’s own personal morals and convictions, when she thought he was near death, she called 911.I reassured her that she had done the right thing. I called the doctor to receive orders for comfort measures and also ask if he was aware of the patient’s wishes for medical treatment. He was very clear that he knew the patient’s wishes to be a No Code, however; due to his age and diagnosis, he also knew this patient could be cured of his medical aliments. Ironically, the patient pulled out his ET tube with his tongue. As soon as the tube was out, the patient arrested. I started CPR as per protocol. I encouraged the physician to talk with the wife and respect the patient‘s wishes.I was in a moral dilemma with caring out physician orders vs. the patient’s wishes. I was uncomfortable ordering care for a patient that I clearly knew did not want it. The physician was in his own dilemma because he knew the patient’s medical status could be cured if he was given the chance. After much debate, the patient was re- intubated and made a full DNR. Later I heard the patient worked his ET tube out again with his tongue and died. The physician did not speak to me for a very long time because of this incident.It is because of this journey that I now oversee the Palliative Care Department. I assist patient in understanding the implications and ramification of their advanced care directives. References: Characteristics of Ethical Dilemmas, (2012). Retrieved on October 14, 2012, from www. nln. org/ce/mcgovern/tslg015. htm Doherty, R. , Purtilo, R. (2011). Ethical dimensions in the health professions. (5th ed. ) (57-58). St. Louis:Mosby. http://www11. georgetown. edu/research/nrcbl/pcbe/bookshelf/reader/chapter3. html

Foundations of Mythology Short Answers Essay

How is the word myth used popularly? For example, what does the statement, â€Å"It’s a myth† mean? In contrast, how is the word myth used in the academic context? After considering the things in the definition in your textbooks and course materials, write a definition in your own words. The word myth is used in stories told people don’t know if the stories told are true or not. My personal belief is that a myths can be both true and not true tales. My reason for this because things in the area that happened more than fifty years ago or longer could be turned into false information after the years and years of being restated, no one knows because this area has happened so long ago in time. Myths are stories that were passed on from one generation to the next one its fiction and non -fiction. Myth is used in academic context as being an explanatory narrative, & illustrates how people should act and the existing social order. They are collectively authored and are created by people traditions and oral traditions are told and retold over time. My definition of myth is something that has reason for it could be true or untrue depending on the topic; you just have to use logic to determine the truth of the quote or statement. Why do myths from different cultures around the world address such similar or universal themes? Think about how myths explain the unknown and the tribulations of mankind. The reasoning why myths from other cultures are similar is because of their story lines, they are different because every couture has their own behalf’s and way of doing things accordantly and the ways in which it has been done for generation after generation most people believe that this way is best. They share a way that is perspective, and has value and interest and could  be their own stories. In many myths your able to format we connect to each other no matter the religion choice or aspect on the different types of myths. Myths are great in explaining the unknown and the tribulations of mankind. Myths give meaning into our lives, they explain things that are unexplaning they encourage or give us great ideas about different events and in schools helping students learn the different myth types. By doing this it enables us to learn different myths that are out there and the background of them. Myths give you laughter or tears and a clearer understanding of different things going on in our current life and events that happened before our time. What is the relationship between belief, knowledge, mythology, and religion? Where do mythology and religion intersect? Where do they diverge? Think about the function of myth and religion in helping human beings cope with change, suffering, loss, and death. There are many huge differences between religion and myth they can be overlapping mythology is one component or aspect of religion knowledge is very eternal and ever changing axiom. Mythology and religion intersect at they start as explanation accepted by people are two different things, mythology isn’t a religion but a myth of stories and the studies it can explain the unexplainable religions are surely traditional stories. They diverge easily but are both the same type of things with just different labels in difference between the two is that mythology is about anything a belief which has existed with not any proof. Religion is that of what you worship or reveres the persons or objects. In cases religion and myth always help us cope with change, suffering, with loss and deaths no matter what we will all deal with these things in our own personal ways, no one will ever grieve with lose the same as another person.  How would you defend mythology’s relevance in contemporary culture? Think about familial and cultural traditions. Also, consider how mythology is used in the arts and in advertising to typify human experience. I would defend mythology’s relevance in contempary culture as being very relevant and great need in society it gives us insight on all cultures from around the entire world. I would defend the mythology perspective my family  has a tradition of having yearly trail rides in the town I am from and getting together at least once a year either thanksgiving or Christmas time this helps our family find out how we all are doing in our lives because we all become very busy Mythology is used in the arts and advertising to typify the human experiences. References www. Askville.amazon.com www.eridu.co.uk/Author/myth_religion/myth_religion. Html mythsdreamssymbols.com/Importance of myth. Html EBOOK COLLECTION: Leonard, S., & McClure, M. (2004). Myth & knowing: An introduction to world mythology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Asignment

No marks will be awarded for the entire assignment if any part of it is found to be pied directly from printed materials or from another student. 2. All submissions should be made on or before the due date. 3. Any late submissions after the deadline will not be entertained. 4. Zero (O) mark will be awarded for late submission, unless extenuating circumstances are upheld. Scenario Computer everywhere Computers are everywhere. Watching television. Driving a car, using a credit card, even ordering fast food all involve computers, not to mention browsing the Web on your personal computer.Your car computer is an embedded computer that can be ascribed a special-purpose, because it only accepts input and performs limited functions. Your personal computer, on the other hand, Is general-purpose, meaning It accepts a wide range of input and can perform a variety of tasks. For one day, make a list of each computer you encounter (be careful not to limit yourself Just to the computers you see). H ow is the computer used? Is the computer special-purpose or general-purpose? Why? How was the task the computer performs accomplished before computers? Write a detail report your finding.The Assessment This assignment will contribute 50% towards the module marks, as mentioned In the student Assessment & Information sheet. This assignment will be evaluated based on the following criteria. Marks will be awarded based on: Criteria Weight In Package understanding Demonstrating a sound knowledge and understanding of the scenario study in I OFF 25 Research and Analysis Discussion and analysis of the process that takes place based on the scenario given. Critical thinking and Applicability This includes analysis and evaluation of facts followed by results of evaluation.Displayed evidence of critical appraisal. Documentation and Referencing A proper documentation and references, adhering to the academic writing format as required by the university. 20 Guideline for Structure of document Prep are a document describing your analysis with appropriate diagrams, the report should be fully researched and referenced. Document the results of your work in a professional and systematic manner. Your completed documentation should meet the following requirements: 1 . Table of contents for every detailed section. 2. Abstract 3. Introduction 4. Sections . Conclusion 6.Appendices if necessary 7. References Submission requirements 1 . Your report must be typed using wordiness's with Times New Roman font size 12, with 1. 5 spaces. Expected length is 3,000 words and you need to include a word count at the end of the report. 2. The report has to be well presented and should be typed. Submission of report that is unprofessional in its outlook (dirty, disorganized, inconsistent look, varying colored paper and size) will not fare well when marks are allocated. 3. The report should have a one (1†³) margin all around the page as illustrated below: 4.Every report must have a front cover. A transparent plastic sheet can be placed in front of the report to protect the front cover. The front cover should have the following details:- a) Name c) Subject. D) Project Title. E) Date Assigned (the date the report was handed out). F) Date Completed (the date the report is due to be handed in). 5. All information, figures and diagrams obtained from external sources must be referenced using the Harvard referencing system accordingly. Assignment marking criteria: Distinction (75%+) Demonstrated comprehensive research with detailed evidence.High level of analysis performed, exceptional and thorough knowledge and understanding displayed with regard to the application. This includes analysis and evaluation of facts followed by results of evaluation. Documentation presented in a professional manner, following proper sequencing and flow. Displayed evidence of critical appraisal. Credit (65-74%) Adequate research conducted with fair detail of evidence presented. Moderate level of under standing, analysis and knowledge displayed. Some level of relevance included in terms of application.Moderate level of analysis and evaluation of facts followed by results comparison. Good level of documentation presented. Some level of reflection was evident in the documentation. Moderate level of critical appraisal. Pass (50-64%) Low level research conducted. Some evidence of research displayed. Basic level of understanding and knowledge analysis displayed. Satisfactory level of documentation. No evaluation and analysis of facts, no results comparison performed Satisfactory or low level of reflection displayed. No level of critical appraisal demonstrated.

“How to Say Nothing in Five Hundred Words” by Paul McHenry Roberts Essay

Paul McHenry Roberts’ 1956 article, â€Å"How to Say Nothing in Five Hundred Words,† deals with the common traps faced by many young writers while writing essays. His advice includes tips on making a dull subject exciting, engaging the reader with unexpected topics and arguments, and developing a fully thought out essay that will be sure to earn a good grade in the classroom. Roberts says to come up with a list of arguments off hand and write them down but do not use any of them, as they are most likely overused and predictable. Instead he suggests to take the path most people would avoid, since it will most likely be easier to make your writing interesting. In addition, do not overuse generalities by never truly getting into a subject. Include facts and stories to get readers interested, instead of a dull sentence with your point of view. Roberts says to get rid of the extra words that fill papers and really give no extra value to your writing. He calls this â€Å"padding† in your paper. It is just a way to reach your word goal without saying much at all. Come up with more real content and take out the extra. Give your ideas and then prove why you are correct. Whatever you need to say, say it without apologizing. Roberts advises writers to avoid overused, common expressions such as, â€Å"over my dead body† or â€Å"under cover of darkness†. He says even the best writers cannot avoid them all together, but they should only be used when nothing else seems to fit, as they add nothing special to the paper. The last of Professor Roberts’ recommendations is the importance of using â€Å"colorful, colored and colorless words.† Using colorful words paints the reader a picture and describes a subject further, although sometimes there may be no need to do so. Colored words are words that everyone can associate with, or would have mutual feelings towards. These include certain people, places or things anyone can relate to. Writers must be careful when using words that lack a strong emotional association with their audience, as failure to do so will send the wrong message. Similarly, colorless words are words that are common and have a very general meaning. They fail to add much when used to describe a subject and are recommended to be avoided when possible.

Bses

Date of Print Out: 29. 10. 2012 BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. Due Date: 05-11-2012 Electricity Bill Name : Mr. HIREN UPADHYAYA BIlling S/O Mr. DINESH UPADHYAYA PROP NO-T-61, Address :TF (F/P) WESTERN SIDE BHOGAL ROAD, BHOGAL NEW DELHI 110014 Sanctioned Load Contract Demand MDI Power Factor Pole No. Book No. Walking Sequence Circle / Zone Tariff Category Meter No Units 21129618 21129618 KWH KW CA No. CRN No. Energisation Date Meter Type Supply Type Bill No. Bill Basis : 101973953 : 2540258523 : 11. 06. 2009 : 1PSK : LT : 100780497688 : Actual Cycle No. Mobile / Tel. No. : 9999331714 District / Division : Nizamuddin Meter Status: OKBilling Period: NOV-12 Bill Date: 16-10-2012 : 4. 00 : : 7. 10 : 1. 000 : NZDPG641S1 : BRJ : BRJ010061A0AA : SOUTH-1 : Domestic : 12 Customer Care Centre No. 39999707 Billed Consumption (Current) Date of Meter Reading Reading 09-10-2012 22,386. 00 09-10-2012 7. 10 Billing Details Billed Consumption (Previous) Date of Meter Reading Reading 09-08-2012 19,131. 00 Cu rrent Period Charges ( 10-08-2012 to 09-10-2012 Multiplication Factor Current Consumption Days Units 1. 00 1. 00 61 3,255. 00 7. 10 ) Fixed Charges (A) Slab-wise Energy Charges Slab-wise FPA/PPA TOD [email  protected]% Elec. tricity Total Amount on (E= Tax @ 5% (A+B+C+D+E+ Cons.Measrd Billed Units Unit Amount(B) FPA/PP Amount(C) TOD% on Surg/Rebt . A+B+D+R) (F) F) During Rate A% B Amount (D) 200. 00 800. 00 4. 80 3840. 00 .00 1580. 16 1055. 81 22387. 97 2. 00 Mth(s) 2,455. 00 6. 40 15712. 00 .00 3255. 00 TOTAL 19552. 00 .00 Past Dues / Refunds / Subsidy Arrears / Refunds Period to which it relates Late Payment Surcharge (LPSC) Other Charges, if any * Total Charges Payable Rebate(R) / Subsidy* Net Amount Payable 0. 00 Amount 4. 50 22392. 47 0. 00/0. 00 22392. 47 0. 00 rnd_prvbil, Amount not immediately payable, if any. Rs. 0. 00 Reasons Security Deposit with DISCOM Bill Amount Payable Rs. 2400. 00Interest accrued for FY 2011-12 already adjusted in bill No. 101140291823 Rs. (120. 20 ) ( generated for the period 15-02-2012 to13-04-2012). Interest for FY 2012-13 will be adjusted in your first bill to be generated in FY 2013-14 Rs. 22390. 00 Due Date of Payment 05-11-2012 If payment is made after the due date, LPSC for the delay, shall be charged in the next bill. Last payment Rs. 35520. 00 received on 31-08-2012 Payment Accounted Upto. 13-10-2012 The connection shall be liable for disconnection on non payment of all dues(including arrears of previous bill(s)) by due date, after notice as per Section 56(1) of the Electricity Act, 2003. i) This bill has been prepared as per revised tariff order communicated vide DERC order no F. 11(771)/DERC/2011-12/1577 & 1578 dated 27th June 2012. ii) As per DERC order no F. 3(298)/Tariff/DERC/2010-11/2601/1606 dated 29th June 2012, FPA shall not be charged from 1st July 2012. Hence FPA has been discontinued for the energy consumption after 1st July 2012. iii) As per GoNCTD order no. F 11(69)/2006/Power/pt/1211 dated 2nd April 20 12, a subsidy of Rs 1/- per unit to all domestic consumers consuming upto 200 units per month will be available till further orders by Government of NCT of Delhi. The amount of security deposit against your connection is mentioned herewith under Security Deposit with DISCOM. Please check this amount and report any discrepancy in that regard by furnishing documentary proof available with you at the customer care centre of respective division office. ENERGY SAVED IS ENERGY PRODUCED. (This bill is computer generated, hence does not require signature. ) ————————————————————— —————————————————————- ———–ReceiptPayment Slip * Make your cheque/DD payable to BRPL CA No. 10197 3953 * Cheque should not be post dated. * Write your telephone number on reverse of the cheque. * Cheque should be account payee and payable at Delhi * Do not Staple. Only clip the cheque to payment slip.. Bill amount payable: Rs. 22390. 00 Cheque/DD No. 1200R101973953000002239247201211050000000000 Registered office:BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. BSES Bhavan Nehru Place New Delhi 110019 A joint venture of Reliance Infrastructure Ltd. & Govt. of NCT. Delhi. Bill month:NOV-12 Date:

Comparison of Public and Private Banks

A â€Å"SUMMER TRAINING† PROJECT REPORT ON COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS ANP PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS Submitted To: PUNJAB TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,JALANDHAR MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION(MBA) SESSION(2007-09) CT INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING,MANAGEMENT & TECHNOLOGY,JALANDHAR (SHAHPUR CHAMPUS) PREFACE Someone has rightly said that practical experience is for better and closer to the real world then mere theoretical exposure.The practical experience helps the students view the real world closely, which in turn widely influences their perceptions and argument their understanding of the real situation. Research work constitutes the backbone of any management education programme. A management student has to do research work quite frequently during his entire span. The research work entitle â€Å"COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS AND PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS† aims to analyze various services provided by private sector banks and public sector banks for this pu rpose Pathankot city have been chosen.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I feel immense pleasure to give the credit of my summer training project work not only to one individual effort of all those who concern with it. I want to thanks to all those individual who guided me to move on the track. The summer training project entitled â€Å"COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN PRIVATE SECTOR AND PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS† I am gratefully indebted to Mr. Davinder Singh for providing me all the necessary help and required guideline for the completion of my project and also for the valuable time that he gave me from his scdedule. Neha Kapoor TABLE OF CONTENTS |CHAPTER NO. PARTICULARS |PAGE NO. | | 1 |INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY | 1-23 | | 2 |OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY | 24-25 | | 3 | 3. 1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | 26-36 | | | | | | |3. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY | | | | |37 | | 4 |DATA ANALYSIS AND ITS INTERPRETATION | 38-46 | | 5 |FINDING OF THE STUDY | 47-50 | | 6 |SUGGESTIONS 51-54 | | 7 |CONCLUSION | 55-56 | | 8 |BIBLIO GRAPHY | 57-58 | | 9 |ANNEXURE | 59-62 | Introduction The world of banking has assumed a new dimension at dawn of the 21st century with the advent of tech banking, thereby lending the industry a stamp of universality.In general, banking may be classified as retail and corporate banking. Retail banking, which is designed to meet the requirement of individual customers and encourage their savings, includes payment of utility bills, consumer loans, credit cards, checking account and the like. Corporate banking, on the other hand, caters to the need of corporate customers like bills discounting, opening letters of credit, managing cash, etc. Metamorphic changes took place in the Indian financial system during the eighties and nineties consequent upon deregulation and liberalization of economic policies of the government.India began shaping up its economy and earmarked ambitious plan for economic growth. Consequently, a sea change in money and capital markets took place. Application of marketing concept in the banking sector was introduced to enhance the customer satisfaction the policy of privatization of banking services aims at encouraging the competition in banking sector and introduction of financial services. Consequently, services such as Demat, Internet banking, Portfolio Management, Venture capital, etc, came into existence to cater to the needs of public.An important agenda for every banker today is greater operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The mew watchword for the bank is pretty ambitious: customer delight. The introduction to the marketing concept to banking sectors can be traced back to American Banking Association Conference of 1958. Banks marketing can be defined as the part of management activity, which seems to direct the flow of banking services profitability to the customers. The marketing concept basically requires that there should be thorough understanding of customer need and to learn about market it operates in.Further the market is segmented so as to understand the requirement of the customer at a profit to the banks. DEFINITION OF BANK The Oxford dictionary defines the Bank as, â€Å"An establishment for the custody of money, which it pays out, on a customer’s order. † According to Whitehead, â€Å" A Bank is defined as an institution which collects surplus funds from the public, safeguards them, and makes them available to the true owner when required and also lends sums be their true owners to those who are in need of funds and can provide security. † Banking Company in India has been defined in the Banking Companies act 1949, One which transacts the business of banking which means the accepting, for the purpose of lending or investment of the deposits of money from the public, repayable on demand, or otherwise and withdraw able be cheque, draft, order or otherwise. † The banking system is an integral subsystem of the financial system. It represents an important channel of collecting small savings form the households and lending it to the corporate sector. The Indian banking system has Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the apex body for all matters relating to the banking system. It is the central Bank of India.It is also known as the Banker To All Other Banks. EVOLUTION OF INDIAN BANKING Ancient banking system of India constituted of indigenous bankers. They have been carrying on their age-old banking operations in different parts of the country under different names. The modern age of banking constitutes the fundamental basis of economic growth. The term Bank is being used since long time but there is no clear conception regarding its beginning. According to the viewpoint, in good old days. Italian money leaders were known as â€Å"Banchi† because they kept a special type of table to transact their business.IMPORTANCE OF BANKS Today banks have become a part and parcel of Kotak Bank's life. There was a time when dwellers of the city alone coul d enjoy their services. Now banks offer access to even a common man and their activities extend to areas hitherto untouched. Banks cater to the needs of agriculturalists, industrialists, traders and to all the other sections of the society. In modern age, the banking constitutes the fundamental basis of economic growth. Thus, they accelerate the economic growth of a country and steer the wheels of the economy towards its goals of â€Å"self reliance in all fields†.It naturally arouses Kotak Bank's interest in knowing more about the ‘Bank’ and the various men and the activities connected with it. Indian Banking System Banking in India has its origin as early as the Vedic period. It was believed that transition from money lending to banking must have occurred even before Manu, The great Hindu Jurist, who has devoted a section of his work to deposit advance and laid down rules relating to rates of interest. During the Mogul period, the indigeneousBankers played a ve ry important role in lending money financing foreign trade and commerce.During the days of East India Company, it was turn over the agency houses to carry on the business. â€Å"The General Bank of India† was the first to join sector in the year 1786. The others that followed were the Bank of Hindustan and the Bengal bank. The bank of Hindustan is reported to have continued till 1906 while the other two failed in the meantime. In the first half of the 19th century the East India Company established three banks: 1. Bank of Bengal (1809). 2. Bank of Bombay (1840). 3. Bank of Madras (1843. These three banks are also known as Presidency Banks were independent units and functioned well.These three banks were amalgamated in 1920 and Imperial Bank of India was established on 27th january1921, which started as private shareholders banks, mostly Europeans shareholders, with the passing of time Imperial bank was taken over by the newly constituted State bank of India act in1955. In 186 5 Allahabad Bank was established and first time exclusively by Indians, Punjab National Bank Ltd. was set up in 1894 with headquarters at Lahore. Between 1906 and 1913, Bank of India, Central Bank of India, Bank of Baroda, Canara Bank, Indian Bank, and Bank of Mysore were set up.Reserve Bank of India came in 1935. On July, 1969, 14 major banks of India were nationalized and on 15th April, 1980 six more commercial private banks were also taken over by the government. Reserve Bank of India The Banking system is an integral sub-system of the financial system. It represents an important channel of collecting small savings from the households and lending it to the corporate sector. The Indian banking system has The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) as the apex body from all matters relating to the banking system. It is the â€Å"Central Bank† of India and act as the banker to all other banks.Functions of RBI: †¢ Currency issuing authority †¢ Banker to the government. †¢ B anker to other Bank. †¢ Framing of monetary policy. †¢ Exchange control. †¢ Custodian to foreign exchange and gold reserves. †¢ Development activities. †¢ Research and development in the banking sector. CLASSIFICATION OF BANKS On the basis of Ownership PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS Public sector banks are those banks that are owned by the government. The government owns these banks. In India 20 banks were nationalized in 1969 and 1980 respectively. Social welfare is there main objective. PRIVATE SECTOR BANKSThese banks are those banks that are owned and run by private sector. An individual has control over these banks in proportion to the shares of the banks held by him. CO-OPERATIVE BANKS These are those banks that are jointly run by a group of individuals. Each individual has an equal share in these banks. Its shareholders manage the affairs of the bank. According to the Law SCHEDULED BANK Schedule banks are the banks, which are included in the second schedule of th e banking regulation act 1965. According to this schedule bank: 1. Must have paid-up capital and reserve of not less than Rs500, 000. . Must also satisfy the RBI that its affairs are not conducted in a manner Determinate to the interest of its depositors. Schedule banks are sub-divided as:- a) State co-operative banks b) Commercial banks NON-SCHEDULED BANKS Non -schedule banks are the banks, which are not included in the second schedule of the banking regulation act 1965. It means they do not satisfy the conditions lay down by that schedule. These are the banks having paid up capital, less than Rs. 5Lakhs. They are further classified as follows:- A. Central Co-operative banks and Primary Credit Societies.B. Commercial banks According to Function COMMERCIAL BANKS These are the banks that do banking business to earn profit. These banks make loans for short to business and in the process create money. Credit creation is the main function of these banks. FOREIGN BANKS These are those ba nks that are incorporated by foreign company. They have set up their branches in India. These banks have their head offices in foreign countries. Their principle function is to make credit arrangement or the export and the import of the country and these banks deals in foreign exchange. INDUSTRIAL BANKSIndustrial banks are those banks that offer long term and medium term loan to the industries and also work for their development. These banks help industries in sale of their shares, debentures and bonds. They give loan to the industries for the purchase of land and machinery. AGRICULTURAL BANKS Agricultural banks are those banks that give credit to agricultural sector of the economy. SAVING BANKS The principle function of these banks is to collect small savings across the country and put them to the productive use. In India department of post office functions a savings banks. CENTRAL BANKCentral Bank is the apex bank of the banking system of the country. It issues currency notes and acts a banker's bank. Economic stability is the principle function of this bank. In short, it regulates and controls the banking system of the country. RBI is the Central Bank of India. PRIVATIZATION OF INDIAN BANKING For the public sector banks, the era of bumper profit is over. For much of the last decade the process of collaborated financial liberalization had cleared up the Bank’s balance sheet enabling them to with stand increased competition, global financing, turmoil and even unprotected industrial slow down.But the cycle of liberalization has run its full course. Now it is the time for the big structural leap, rationalization, mergers, and privatization. Unless the banks undertake these fundamental changes, their profit will stay under pressure. There are twp areas of competitions which banking industry is facing internationally and nationally. In the pre-liberalization era, Indian banks could grow in a closed economy but the banking sector opened up for private compe tition. It is possible that private banks could become dominant players even within India.It has been recorded a rapid rise of the new private sector banks and it has tracked the transformation of the public sector banks as they grapple with the changes of financial deregulation. Use of ATM cards, Internet Banking, Phone Banking, Mobile Banking are the new innovative channels of banking which are being widely used as they result in saving both time and money which are two essential things that every one is short of and is running to catch hold of them. Moreover private sector banks are aligning its infrastructures, marketing quality and technology to build deep commitment in building consumer and retail banking.The main focus of these banks is on innovative range of services or products. STRUCTURE OF BANKING SYSTEM Different countries of the world have different types of banking systems. However, commercial banking had grown under all these banking systems. To understand the structu re of banking system, let us take up various types of banking systems one by one. These types are: (1) UNIT BANKING Unit Banking originated in the United State of America. It grew in the United States of America. As a counter part of independent or industrial units. An independent unit bank is a corporation that operates one office and that is not related to other banks through either ownership or control. Shaper, Solomon and White. Thus under unit banking, a single bank is a complete organization in itself having its own management. The scale of operation is small and the area is restricted to a locality only. Unit banking is localized banking and is much more responsive to the needs of the locality. It has better understanding of the local problems and conditions, which helps it to cater to the needs of the area in a better way.The staff of the unit bank is generally local and is in a better position to determine the standing or desirability of the customers. The failure of the un it bank will not endanger the banking system and economy. It is free from the difficulties and diseconomies of large scale operations. It will not drain out the financial resources of villages and small towns to big industrial centers and will ensure a balanced growth. (2) BRANCH BANKING: Economic and Managerial problems faced by the unit banks let to the emergence of banking system. Now, This the most popular and important banking system.In branch banking, a bank has a large network of branches scattered all over the country. Branch banking developed in England. Subsequently most of the countries of the world adopted the system. In terms of branches, the State Bank of India has emerged as one of the largest banks in the world. As under the system the resources of a number of branches get pooled under the same management, any individual branch is in a better position to face excessive withdrawals by the customers. It facilitates diversification of activities because the area covered by the branches is generally widespread.Under the system branches can operate without keeping large idle cash reserves. It becomes possible for the bank to hire the services of competent and professionally qualified managers, capable of understanding the handling technical problems and complex situations. The cost of remitting or transferring funds from one place to another works out to be less. The staff stays at a branch only for a limited period, so the chances of objective decision making in the branch banking are high. Branch Banking tends to bring homogeneity in the prevailing Interest Rates as it increases the mobility of resources from one place to another.It is easier for the Central Bank to exercise Control. It will communicate only with a few Registered /Head Offices of the Banks and not with each individual branch. In this system there more safety and liquidity of funds. The choice of securities and investments is larger. Branch banking makes complete banking services a vailable to the smallest communities. The branches in small localities can be initially operated at loss in expectation of future gains. The comparative study of unit banking and branch banking is a case of small scale banking versus large scale banking. It is evident that the scale is clearly titled towards branch banking.With the growth of large scale business it is no wonder that the trend is almost every country towards the branch banking i. e. big banks with a network of branches all over the country. Even in the U. S. A. The birthplace of unit banking. The Bank of America has now more than 500 branches in the state of California itself. (3) CHAIN BANKING : Shaper, Solomon and White have defined Chain Banking as â€Å"An arrangements by which two or more banks –each of which retains its identity, capital and personnel –are brought under common control by any device other than a Holding Company. † Under the system there is pooling of resources.Chain banking overcomes certain limitations of unit banking. But the system suffers from certain limitations of its own. There may be a lack of co-ordination, proper control etc. The system is inflexible. (4) GROUP BANKING : It is similar to Chain Banking, the difference being that under Group Banking two or more banks are brought under the control of the same management through a Holding Company. Both the systems aim at gaining the advantages of large scale operations. The banks are able to pool their resources in case of emergency or when large amount of cash is required to meet the loan requirements of the customer.The advantages and disadvantages of both the systems are similar. Both the systems developed in the United State of America as a result of attempts to overcome the difficulties or limitations of unit banking. (5) CORRESPONDENT BANKING: Under Correspondent banking, small banks serving local communities hold deposits with joint banks serving in big cities. This kind of banking is prev alent in U. S. A. The correspondent banks perform two important services of outstation cheque clearing and loan participation for the respondent banks while they benefit for the deposit funds of respondent banks.A) COMMERCIAL BANKS [pic] PRIMARY FUNCTIONS : 1) Accepting of Deposits : A bank accepts deposits from the public. People can deposit their cash balances in either of the following accounts to their convenience:- a. Fixed or Time Deposit Account : Cash is deposited in this account for a fixed period. The depositor gets receipts for the amount deposited. It is called Fixed Deposit Receipt. The receipt indicates the name of the depositor, amount of deposit, rate of interest and the period of deposit. This receipt is not transferable.If the depositor stands in need of the amount before the expiry of fixed period, he can withdraw the same after paying the discount to the bank. b. Savings Account : This type of deposit suits to those who just want to keep their small savings in a bank and might need to withdraw them occasionally. Banks provide a certain rate of interest on the minimum balance kept by the depositor during the month. c. Current Account : This type of account is kept by the businessman who are required to withdraw money every new and then. Banks do not pay any interest on this account.Any sum or any number of withdrawals can be presented by such an account holder. 2) Advancing of Loans : The bank advances money in any one of the following ways. a. Overdraft Facilities : Customers of good trading are allowed to overdraw from their current account. But they have to pay interest on extra amount they have withdrawn. Overdrafts are allowed to provide temporary accommodation since the extra amount withdrawn is payable within a short period. b. Money at Call : It is the money lent for a very short period varying from 1 to 14 days.Such advances are usually made to other banks and financial institutions only. Money at call ensures liquidity. In the Inte rbank market it enables bank to make adjustment according to their liquidity requirements. c. Loans : Loans are granted by the banks on securities which can be easily disposed off in the market. When the bank has satisfied itself regarding the soundness of the party, a loan is advanced. d. Cash Credit : The Debtor is allowed to withdraw a certain amount on a given security. The debtor withdraws the amount within this limit, interest is charged by the bank on the amount actually withdrawn. . Discounting Bill of Exchange : It is another method of making advances by the banks. Under this method, bank give advance to their clients on the basis of their bills of exchange before the maturity of such bills. f. Investment in Government Securities : Purchasing of government securities by the banks tantamount to advancing loans by them to the Government. Banks prefer to buy government securities as these are considered to be the safest investment. For example : Indira Vikas Patra : It enables the banks to meet requirement of statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) ) Credit Creation :One of the main functions of banks these days is to create credit. Banks create credit by giving more loans than their cash reserves. Banks are able to create credit because the demand deposits i. e. a claim against the bank is accepted by the public in settlement of their debts. In this process the bank creates money. For this reason Prof. Sayers has called bank â€Å"the manufactures of money. † 4) Cheque system of Payment of Funds A cheque, a negotiable instrument, which in fact is a bill of exchange, drawn upon a banker, is the most popular credit instrument used by the client to make payments.Cheque system is the main credit instrument in the banking world. Although a cheque is not a legal tender money, the serves as a medium of exchange in a limited way as it is a negotiable instrument. Because of â€Å"clearing houses† and â€Å"clearing† operations of the banks, cheques can be and are used for transferring funds from one centre to another. In the modern days they can also be used for transferring funds from one country to another. SECONDARY FUNCTIONS Besides the above primary functions, banks also perform may secondary functions such as agency functions, general utility and social functions.A) Agency Functions Banks act as agents to their customers in different ways :- i) Collection and Payment of Credit and Other Instruments: The Commercial banks collect and pay cheques, bills of exchange, promissory notes, hundies, rent, interest etc. On behalf of their customers and also make payments of income tax, fees, insurance premium etc. on behalf of the customers. Customers can leave standing instructions with the banker for various periodic payments ensuring the regular payments and avoiding the trouble of performing it themselves. ii) Purchase and Sale of Securities : The modern ommercial banks also undertake the purchase and sale of various securities like shares, stocks, bonds units and debentures etc. On behalf of the customers, banks do not give any advice regarding the suitability or otherwise of a security but simply perform the functions of a broker. iii) Trustee and Executor : Banks also acts as trustees and executors of the property of their customers on their advice. Sometimes banks also undertake income tax services on behalf of the customers. iv) Remittance of Funds : The Commercial banks remit funds on behalf of clients from one place to another through cheques, drafts, mail transfers etc. ) Representation and Correspondence : Sometimes commercial banks acts as representatives or correspondents of the clients especially in handling various applications. For instance, passports and travel tickets, booking of vehicles, plots etc. vi) Billion Trading : In many countries, the commercial banks trade is billions like gold and silver. In Oct 1997, 8 banks including SBI, IOB, Canara Bank and Allahabad Bank have been allowed import of gold which has been put under open general licensed category. vii) Purchase and Sale of Foreign Exchange : Banks buy and sell foreign exchange, promoting international trade.This function is mainly discharged by foreign Exchange Banks. viii) Letter of References : Banks also give information about economic position of their customers to domestic and foreign traders and vice versa. B) GENERAL UTILITY SERVICES In addition to agency services, banks render many more utility services to the public. These services are :- i) Locker Facilities : Banks provide locker facilities to their customers. People can keep their valuables or important documents in these lockers. Their annual rent is very nominal. ii) Acting as a referee : It desired by the customers, the bank can be a referee i. . who could be referred by the third parties for seeking information regarding the financial position of the customers. The bank will acts as referee only and only if it is desired by the customer, o therwise the secrecy of a customers is account is maintained very carefully. iii) Issuing letters of credit : Bankers in a way by issuing letters of credit certify the credit worthiness of the customers. Letters of credit are very popular in foreign trade. iv) Acting as Underwriters : Banks also underwrite the securities issued by the Government and Corporate bodies for a commission.The name of bank as an underwriter encouraged investors to have faith in the security. v) Acting as information banks : Commercial banks also acts as â€Å"information† bureau as they collect the financial, economic and statistical data relating to industry, trade and commerce. HDFC Bank is providing information relating to NRI Schemes and commentaries of experts on development in the areas of finance through Internet. vi) Issuing Traveler’s cheques and credit cards : Banks have been rendering great service by issuing traveler’s cheques, which enable a person to travel without fear o f theft or loss of money.Now, some banks have started credit card system under which a credit card holder is allowed to avail credit from the listed outlets without any additional cost or effort. Thus, credit card holder need not carry or handle cash all the time. Now, international credit cards are joining hands with Indian Banks. vii) Issuing of gift cheques: Certain banks issue gift cheques of various denominations, e. g. Some Indian banks issue gift cheques f the denominations of Rs. 21, 31, 51 and 101 etc. They are generally issued free of charge. viii) Dealing in Foreign Exchange: Major branches of commercial banks also transact business of foreign exchange.Commercial banks are the main authorized dealers of foreign exchange in India. ix) Merchant banking Services: Commercial banks also render merchant banking services to the customers. They help in availing loans from non-banking financial institutions. x) Help in Transportation of Goods: Big businessmen or industrialists aft er consigning goods to their retailers send the Railway Receipt (Consignment Note) to the bank. List of Public Sector Banks o State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur o State Bank of Hyderabad o State Bank of Indore o State Bank of Mysore o State Bank of Saurastra State Bank of Travancore Other Nationalised banks are: †¢ Allahabad Bank †¢ Andhra Bank †¢ Bank of Baroda †¢ Bank of India †¢ Bank of Maharastra †¢ Canara Bank †¢ Central Bank of India †¢ Corporation Bank †¢ Dena Bank †¢ Indian Bank †¢ Indian Overseas Bank †¢ Oriental Bank of Commerce †¢ Punjab & Sind Bank †¢ Punjab National Bank †¢ Syndicate Bank †¢ UCO Bank †¢ Union Bank of India †¢ United Bank of India †¢ Vijaya Bank List of Private Sector Bank †¢ Bank of Punjab †¢ Bank of Rajasthan †¢ Catholic Syrian Bank †¢ Centurion Bank †¢ City Union Bank †¢ Dhanalakshmi Bank †¢ Development Credit Bank †¢ Fede ral Bank †¢ HDFC Bank ICICI Bank †¢ IDBI Bank †¢ IndusInd Bank †¢ ING Vysya Bank †¢ Jammu & Kashmir Bank †¢ Karnataka Bank †¢ Karur Vysya Bank †¢ Laxmi Vilas Bank †¢ South Indian Bank †¢ United Western Bank †¢ UTI Bank List of Foreign Banks in India †¢ ABN-AMRO Bank †¢ Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank †¢ Bank of Ceylon †¢ BNP Paribas Bank †¢ Citi Bank †¢ China Trust Commercial Bank †¢ Deutsche Bank †¢ HSBC †¢ JPMorgan Chase Bank †¢ Standard Chartered Bank †¢ Scotia Bank †¢ Taib Bank Upcoming Foreign Banks In India [pic] |[pic] | By 2009 few more names is going to be added in the list of foreign banks in India.This is as an aftermath of the sudden interest shown by Reserve Bank of India paving roadmap for foreign banks in India greater freedom in India. Among them is the world's best private bank by Euro Money magazine, Switzerland's UBS. The following are the list of foreign b anks going to set up business in India †¢ Royal Bank of Scotland †¢ Switzerland's UBS †¢ US-based GE Capital †¢ Credit Suisse Group †¢ Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Merrill Lynch is having a joint venture in Indian investment banking space — DSP Merrill Lynch. Goldman Sachs holds stakes in Kotak Mahindra arms.GE Capital is also having a wide presence in consumer finance through GE Capital India. India's GDP is seen growing at a robust pace of around 7% over the next few years, throwing up opportunities for the banking sector to profit from. The credit of banks has risen by over 25% in 2004-05 and the growth momentum is expected to continue over the next four to five years. Participation in the growth curve of the Indian economy in the next four years will provide foreign banks a launch pad for greater business expansion when they get more freedom after April 2009. Objectives of the StudyThis study has been conducted with a variety of importa nt objectives in mind. The following provides us with the chief objectives that have tried to achieve through the study. The extent to which these objectives have been met could judged from the conclusions and suggestions, which appear in the later of this study. The Chief Objectives of this study are: 1. To find the bank sector that is largely availed by the customer. 2. To study the factors the factors influencing the choice of a bank for 3. availing services. 4. To find and compare the satisfaction level of customers in public sector 5. s well as in private sectors bank. 6. To study the problem faced by customer. 7. To get suggestions for improvement or change in the services of public and private sector banks. 8. To study what do people expect in the new era of banking. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research is an art of scientific investigation. In other word research is a scientific and systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic. The logic behind taking research me thodology into consideration is that one can have knowledge about the method and procedure adopted for achievement of objectives of the project.With the adoption of this others can evaluate the results also. Its main aim is to keep the researchers on the right track. The methodology adopted for studying the objectives was surveying the saving account holders of District Jalandhar. So keeping in view the nature of requirements of the study to collect all the relevant information regarding the comparison of saving account of Centurion Bank of Punjab with other banks, direct personal interview method with structured questionnaire was adopted for the collection of primary data. Secondary data has been collected through the various magazines and newspapers and by surfing on Internet.And the guide in the organization was consulted at many times. SAMPLE DESIGN:-A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the techniques or the procedure th e researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample. Sample design may as well lay down the number of items to be included in the sample i. e. , the size of the sample. Sample design is determined before data are collected. Here we select the population as sample in our sample design. The selected respondents should be as representatives of the total population.POPULATION:- The persons holding saving account related to business class of District Jalandhar were taken into consideration. DATA COLLECTION Data was collected by using main two methods i. e primary data and secondary data. PRIMARY DATA Primary data is the data which is used or collected for first time and it is not used by anyone in the past. There are number of sources of primary data from which the information can be collected. We choose the following resources for our research. QUESTIONNAIRE:-This method of data collection is quite popular, particular in case of big enquiries.Here in our research we set 15 simple questions and request the respondents to answer these questions with correct information. RESPONDENTS:-Respondents helps in creation of more accurate idea about our research. We personally meet the respondents inside and outside the banks. SECONDARY DATA Secondary data is the data which is available in readymade form and which is already used by people for some purposes. There may be various sources of secondary data such as-newspapers, magazines, journals, books, reports, documents and other published information.BANKS ANNUAL REPORTS:-Banks issues there annual reports to get the people informed with the profitability and growth of the bank. These annual reports helps us a lot to get the latest data and other related information for our research. It tells us about the increase or decrease in profits and other facilities. JOURNALS AND PUBLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT BANKS :- We also take into consideration the journals and publications issued by the bank at different times. we comes to kn ow about the Branches, ATM, locations and other useful information.MANUALS AND BROACHERS OF DIFFERENT BANKS:-We take the help of bank staff and other people who gives us deep information and data which may not be available at anywhere. They gives us there full co-operation. INTERNET:-We also take into consideration the internet facility with which we collect lot of latest information. SAMPLE PLAN : ? SAMPLE SIZE: Keeping in mind all the constraints the size of the sample of the study was selected as 80. ? SAMPLING UNIT:- Centurion Bank of Punjab Branch in Jalandhar city. Due to nature of study, we also visited various different banks ICICI, HDFC, SBI, PUNJAB NATIONAL BANK etc. f Jalandhar District. ? SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:- Stratified convenient sampling. All the saving account holders were taken into consideration. Research was conducted on clear assumptions that the respondents would give frank and fair answers in a pragmatic way and without any bias. ? SAMPLING DESCRIPTION:- In orde r to understand the nature and characteristics of various respondents in this study, the information was collected and analyzed according to their socio economic background which included the characteristic of their respondents like education, age marital status and monthly income.This description shows that respondents included in this survey belong to different backgrounds and this turn increase the scope of the study. PERSONAL DETAIL AGE |Particulars |%age of Respondent | |20-30 years |20% | |30-40 years |50% | |40-50 years 20% | |50-60 years |10% | [pic] Analysis & Interpretation: From the above study we find that nobody is below 20 age and 20% respondents are between 20-30 age group, 50% respondents are between 30-40 age group, 20% respondents is between 40-50 age group and 10% respondents are between 50-60 age group. SEX Particulars |No of Respondent |%age | |Male |70 |70% | |Female |30 |30% | |Total |100 |100% |Analysis: From the above result we come to know that out of 100, 62 respondents are male and 38 are female which is 62% and 38% are respectively. Interpretation: From the above data we conclude that most of our respondents are male. MARITAL STATUS Particulars |No of Respondent |%age | |Married |33 |33% | |Unmarried |67 |67% | |Total |100 100% | [pic] Analysis: From the above study we find that out of 100%, 33% respondents are married and 67% respondents are unmarried. Interpretation: Most of the respondents of our survey are Unmarried. Q4: HIGHEST EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION:- Particulars |No of Respondent |% age | |Matric |4 |4% | |Senior Secondary |14 |14% | |Graduate |46 |46% | |Post graduate | 36 |36% | | Total |100 |100% | [pic] Analysis: This analysis shows that out of 100 respondent, 46% respondents are graduate & professional, 36% respondents are post graduate, 14% respondents are senior secondary and 2% respondents are of Matric category. All the respondents of our survey are qualified. Interpretation: From the above data we conc lude that most of our respondents are Graduates & professional degree holders.OCCUPATION |Particulars |No of Respondent |%age of respondents | |Businessman | 32 |32% | | Government Employee | 28 |28% | | Student | 24 |24% | | Others |16 |16% |Analysis: From the above analysis it is clear that 32% respondents are doing their own business, 28% are employees and 16% respondents belong to other category And 24% of our respondents are students. Most of the respondents of our survey are Businessmen. Interpretation: From the Above data we conclude that most of our survey respondents are businessmen. DATA COLLECTION: Data was collected using two main methods: COLLECTION OF DATA LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Due to constraints of time and resources, the study is likely to suffer from certain limitations. Some of these are mentioned here under so that the findings of the study may be understood in a proper perspective. The limitations of the study are: Some of the respondents of the survey were un willing to share information. ? The research was carried out in a short period of 6 weeks . Therefore the sample size and other parameters were selected accordingly so as to finish the work within the given time frame. ? The information given by the respondents might be biased because some of them might not be interested to give correct information. ? The officials of the bank supported me a lot, but did not have sufficient time to make the points more clear. Analysis of Data collected 1. The respondents were asked about which banking sector’s services do their avail. Table1: banking sector’s services which the respondents avail. Banking sector |Number of respondents | |Public |32 | |Private |38 | |Both |30 | Graph 1: Banking Sector’s services which the respondents avails INTERTRETATION:-It was found that most of the respondents were availing services of private sectors banks while those of the public sector banks were less as compare to public sector 2. The res pondents were Asked about the type of account they have in the public sector as well as Private sector banks Table 2. 1 Number of type of account held in Public sectors banks Type of Accounts Name of Account |Savings |Current |Demat |Fixed deposits |Salary | |Total no of respondents |50 |15 |6 |15 |14 | [pic] Graph 2. 1 :- Number of type of accounts held in Public sector banks Analysis: 50% people own Saving Account, 15% own Current account, 6% demat,15% fixed deposits account and 14% salary Account Interpretation: It was found that in case of public sector banks, maximum number of account holders owns Saving Account. After Saving account most prefer account is salary account prefer by people and the next priority goes to fixed deposits Accounts. 3. The basic purpose of this question was to know the most preferred bank. Table 3. Number of respondents preferring different banks Names of Banks |Number of respondents | |ICICI Bank |24 | |HDFC Bank |22 | |State Bank Group |20 | |Pu njab National Bank |28 | |Punjab And Sind Bank |6 | Analysis: From above graph, it is seen that 28% stake of the respondents follows to Punjab National bank followed byICICI bank. It is the bank which provide 12-hour banking. also the ATM machine is more as compared to the other private sector banks. Interpretation : From the above graph, it is seen that Punjab national is the most preferred bank as compared to other Public and Private sector Banks. The reason for preference of public sector bank is the minimum amount of deposit for saving account. 4. The aim to ask this question was to know he reasons for their preference in different banks :- Table 4:- Reason for account in different banks Reasons |No of respondents | |Friendly Behaviour of the Staff |16 | |Reliability/trust |14 | |Quick and fast services |55 | |Location |15 | Graph 4:-Reasons for account in different banks Inpretation: By analyzing this graph, we can conclude that most of the people is influenced by the qui ck and speedy services provided by the bank and location is given less preference than others. 5. The respondents were asked about the facilities they were availing in public as well as private sector banks :- Table 5. Number of people availing different facilities at public sector banks: |Facilities Availed |No of respondents | |ATM/Debit card |60 | |Demat |5 | |Internet/Mobile/Phone Banking |15 | |Insurance |20 | [pic]Graph 5. 1: Number of people availing different facilities at public sector banks Interpretation: From the above graph, it was found that was availed by most of the people at public sector banks was that of ATM/Debit cards which hold 90% of respondents. It is clearly observed by the graph that Insurance are neck to neck holding 20% of respondent each. 6. The purpose of this question is to know the satisfaction level they were having with their banks overall performance:- Public sector banks Table 6. 1 Satisfaction level of the customers regarding the facilities availed from the public sector banks |Level of Satisfaction |No. f respondents |%age | |Excellent |12 |24% | |Good |21 |42% | |Very Good |27 |54% | Graph 6. 1 Satisfaction level of Customers regarding the facilities availed from the public sector banks. Analysis: It was found that in case of public sectors banks, 18% of the respondents were highly satisfied ranked excellent from the products and services availed by them. 44% were just satisfied given very good and 38% have moderate view. Interpretation: People have mixed type of view regarding public sector banks. 7.The respondents were asked that if they have given option, would they like to shift from the present banks:- Table 7 Number of customers ready to shift from present bank. [pic] Graph 7:- Number of customers ready to shift from their present bank or not. Interpretation: From this above Graph, we can conclude that the number of respondents ready to shift from their present bank is 28% while 70% customers seems to be sat isfied from their bank and hence willing to shift from their present bank to other. 8. The aim to ask this question was to know whether the respondents faces any problem regarding the services provided them by their preferred bank :- Table 8 Problem faced by customers. Types of problem |No of respondents | |Time consuming |10 | |Introduction |8 | |Reference |15 | |Too many formalities |6 | |No facility of photograph instantly |4 | |No problem |6 | [pic] Interpretation: It was found that most of the respondents are facing problem of reference. Respondents also find that the time and too much formalities also cause problem in banks. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY More number of people have account with private banks. ? Majority of the respondents whether in public sectors or in private sector banks have savings account with banks. ? Number of problem faced by the people is more in public sector banks. ? People want a change in the behavior of the staff of the public sector banks. ? People are more satisfied form the private sector banks due to their better services provided by them in terms of speedy transactions, fully computerized facilities, more working hours (in case of ICICI bank, the number of working hour are 12), good investment Advisory services, efficient and co-operative staff, better approach to Customer Relationship Management. In private sector banks proper promotional activities should be taken up so as to make the population aware of the services provided by the banks even in rural areas. ? The facility that was availed by most of the people at public sector banks was that of ATM/Debit cards. The least availed facility was that of Demat account and foreign transfer of funds. ? The facility that was availed by most of the people at private sector banks was that of Internet/Phone banking by ATM/Debit card. ? Majority of respondents do not want to shift from their present bank. ? From the above study it is clear that private banks are providing better services than nationalized banks. 5% respondents favored that private banks are providing better services than nationalized banks while 5% respondents are not agree with it. ? From the above study it is clear that majority of the respondents said that the average balance requirement for operating their saving account is between 5000-10000. 20% said it is between 10000-20000 and remaining 5% said it is between 20000-50000 in private sector banks which as compared to Public sector bank is very high. ? 40% respondents said that the bank employees never pay any attention to them and 10% respondents said that their problems are not solved by bank executives. The remaining 50% respondents give a positive reaction in the favour of bank. 0% respondents favoured that their problems are solved by bank executives and 20% respondents said they are received with smile by bank executives. So there is a mix response. ? Majority of the respondents said that the average time taken for transactions i s between 25 to 50 minutes in their bank. 30% respondents said the average time taken for transaction is between 20-25 minutes, 20% said it is between 10 to 25 min. and remaining 10% said that the average time taken for transaction by their bank is 5 to 10 minutes. ? From the above study is clear that the banks do not organize any customer meets. All the 100% respondents said that their bank does not organize any customer's meets to resolve their problems.Customer satisfaction is the demand of time, so the banks should organize customer meets to resolve the problems of their customers. ? From the above study it is clear that majority of the respondents are ready to pay nominal charges for better services provided by private banks while 40% respondents are not ready to pay any nominal charges. ? The above study depicts that 60% respondent said that their bank updates them time to time about the latest facilities and remaining 40% said that their bank doesn't update them. [pic] SUGGES TIONS Based on the study conducted, There are some of the suggestions given by the customers of how the modern banking should be.These are the comment given by them about the improvement of the banking sector in India. ? Banks should obey the RBI norms and provide facilitiesas per the norms, which are not being followed by the banks. While the customer must be given prompt services and the bank officer should not have any fear on mind to provide the facilities as per RBI norms to the units going sick. ? Banks should increase the rate of saving account ? Banks should provide loan at the lower interest rate and education loans should be given with ease without much documentation. All the banks must provide loans against shares. ? Fair dealing with the customers. More contribution from the employee of the bank.The staff Should be co-operative, friendly and must be capable of understanding the problems of customers ? Internet banking facility must be made available in all the banks. ? P rompt dealing with permanent customers and speedy transaction without harassing the customers ? Each section of every bank should be computerized even in rural areas also. ? Real time gross settlement can play a very important role. ? More ATM coverage should be provided for the convenience of the customers. ? No limit on cash withdrawls on ATM cards. ? The bank should bring out new schemes at time-to-time so that more people can be attracted. Even some gifts and prizes may be offered to the customers for their retention. 24 hours banking should be induced so as to facilitate the customers who may not have a free time in the daytime. It will help in facing the competition more effectively. ? The charges for saving account opening are high, so they should also be reduced. ? Customers generally complain that full knowledge is not granted to them. Thus the bank should properly disclose the features of the product and services to the customers. Moreover door to door services can also be introduced by bank. ? The need of the customer should properly be understood so that customer feels satisfied. The relationship value should be maintained. ? The branch should promote cooperation and coordination among employees which help them in efficient working. Maintenance of proper hierarchy should be done. A good hierarchy set up can ensure better results with in the bank. Banking sector is improving by leaps but still it needs to be improved. Proper and efficient relationship staffs having knowledge for one stop banking, customer friendly atmosphere, and better rate of interest are need of the hour. the concept of privatization has overall improved the services in all the banks. Home banking will be order of the day. Recommendations For Public Sector Banks: †¢ Bank staff should be customer friendly and highly motivated to serve the normal customer. †¢ As far as possible, banks should reduce its documentation process while providing loans. Computerization should be done in banks at all level and the operators should de properly trained. †¢ Token system should be induced so as to minimize the waiting lines in the banks. †¢ Proper ambience in the banks can develop a healthy working culture. †¢ Quick services should be provided. For Private sector Banks †¢ 24 hours banking should be induced so as to facilitate the customers who may not have free time in the day time. It will help in facing the competition more effectively. †¢ More ATM coverage should be provided for the convenience of the customers. †¢ Customer care services should be provided by banks. CONCLUSIONThe customers now days are not only exposed of what type of service is being provided by banks in India but in the world as a whole. They expect much more than what is actually being provided. So the new coming banking sector has to provide and cater to all the needs of the customers otherwise it is difficult to survive in the competition coming up. They no t only expect the safety of money but also best ways to invest that money which need needs to be fulfilled. Banks need to have a better outlook towards to actually what customers are requiring. Entries of the private sector banks have made the competition tougher. If a bank is not functioning properly it is being closed. So it is difficult to face these types of conditions.Here a simple philosophy can work that customers are God and we need to follow this to survive and serve better. The banking sector is poised for explosive growth. In this, scenario, it is imperative that banks adopt technology at an aggressive Pace, if they wish to remain competitive. Mani Mamallan makes a case for banks to outsource their technology infrastructure requirement, thus enabling early adoption and increased efficiencies. In the prevailing scenario, a number of banks have adopt a new deployment strategy of infrastructure outsourcing, to lower the cost of service channels. As a result, other banks too will need to align their reinvented business models. The required changes at both the business and technology levels are enormous.In a highly competitive banking markets, early adopters are profiting from increased efficiencies. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: ? Kothari C. R. (1990) Research Methodology: Method and Techniques; Wishva Prakashan, New Delhi. ? Bodie. Z, Kane. A & Mracus. J : Essentials of Investments. ? Prof. E Gordon & Dr. K. Natrajan â€Å"Banking Theory Law and Practice†. ? â€Å"Indian financial System & Commercial Banking† by Khan Masood Ahmed ? â€Å"Banking in India† by P. N. Varshney WEBSITES: ? www. centurionbop. co. in ? www. pnbindia. com ? www. statebankofindia. com ? www. icicibank. com ? www. rbi. org. in ? www. iba. org. in ? www. knowledgestom. com ? www. igniter. com BROACHERS & PAMPHLETS Broachers and pamphlets of Saving A/c QUESTIONNAIRE â€Å"Comparative Study on public and private sector banks† Dear customer, We are the students of C. T. I. E. M. T. Shahpur, Jalandhar. We are undergoing the project entitled named â€Å"Comparative Study on public and Private sector banks† So by filling this questionnaire please helps us in completing our project. Q1. Which Sector bank do you have your account? Public (Private( Both ( Q2. In which bank do you have your Account? 1. 2. 3. 4. Q3. Which type of account do you have in the bank? Saving ( Current ( Demat ( F. D ( Salary (Q4 In Case you have yours Account in more than one a Bank which one is your most preferred bank (Give only one bank) Q5. Rank the selection criteria for opening account with bank? Brand Image (Services ( Location ( Charges ( Q6. Kindly rank the reasons for yours preference in this particular bank? Quick and fast services (Location ( Friendly Behavior ( Reliability ( Q7. Which facilities are you availing at your bank? Atm/Debit card ( Credit card ( Insurance ( Mobile Banking ( Q8. How often do you use debit card to shop? Occasionally(Never( Q9. How much Satisfied are you with your bank’s overall performance ? Excellent(Very Good(Good ( Q10. Any Specific services you expect from your bank ? Q11. If an option is given to you, would you like to shift from the present Bank? Yes ( No ( Q12. Do you face any problem regarding the services provided by your preferred bank? If Yes Q13. Would you like to give any suggestions for the better functioning of banks in these sectors? Public Sector Private sector 16. Any other suggestions please specify ? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Thanks for your valuable time given to us .We assure you that the information provided by you will remain confidential. Thanks for your co-operation. PERSONAL DETAILS. NAME-†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ AG E-†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ GENDER-†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. EDUCATION-†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ADDRESS-†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. PHONE NO. -†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Behavioural Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Behavioural Economics - Assignment Example Thus, this discussion seeks to analyze the cognitive process of organizing, using and keeping track of financial usage for individuals and households, as related to the forecasting for possible attainment of gains or losses. In realizing this evaluation, the discussion will first assess the process of assigning and grouping different financial expenditures into different categories referred to as mental accounts, followed by the evaluation of the factors informing the choice financial spending or investment functions to align with the predicted chances of gains or losses. The Mental Accounting Theory provides an explanation related to how households and individuals keep track of where their incomes are going and how such entities apply active cognitive processes to control their financial spending (Dawes, 2001:47). The difference between conventional financial accounting undertaken by business entities and the mental accounting applied by individuals and households is that; there lacks specific and elaborate rules on how mental accounting procedures should be undertaken. Thus, the process of mental accounting can only be achieved through observing financial behaviors, and then inferring rules to the behaviors, so as to control future spending. Thus, due to the lack of elaborate rules to guide financial allocations to various individual or household spending activities, these entities apply a variety of subjective criteria that sees finances prioritized and allocated to different spending functions, for example based on the sources of the incomes or t he intent for the specific functions (Baddeley, 2013:147). Thus, the Mental Accounting Theory provides that individuals and households irrationally assign different spending functions to a certain asset group, which in turn results in detrimental effects on the spending behavior and consumption decisions subsequently mad by the entities (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981:455). In this respect,

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Land law - Essay Example Different types of ownership stipulate different rights and liabilities of co-tenants. The type of ownership determines guidelines on the property in terms of attempts to sell it, and methods by which the property can be transferred. In this case, each owner is referred to as a tenant in common. The freehold property that the four pioneer owners (Allan, Ben, Chris and David) bought by contributing different amounts makes them tenants in common (TIC). Unless otherwise stated, most courts assume that a tenancy in common exists whenever several persons take concurrent possession of a single piece of land. When land is granted, transferred, conveyed, assigned or bequeathed to two or more persons, other than as executors, administrators or trustees in either fee simple or any lesser estate, legal or equitable, and the tenancy is not specified in the document creating the estate, the co-owners hold as tenants in common1. Each member has an interest in a particular part of the parcel and th e right to access the parcel as a whole. Each co-owner is allowed to choose who will inherit his or her ownership interest upon death. In cases where no will exists, then the share of the deceased would go to the persons entitled under the rules of intestacy. Each co-owner is liable to the others if they cause any deterioration in the value of the property. Tenancy in common only has the unity of possession and has no right of survivorship. Unity of possession is achieved when each co-owner is entitled to possession of the whole property. In situations where the conveyance in favor of the co-owners includes how the co-owners should hold the equitable interest in the property, this agreement is conclusive2. Each tenant in common enjoys autonomy in dealing with his interest, including the decision to dispose of the interest by will. Each tenant in common holds undivided proportionate interests. Tenants in common cannot hold unity of interest because their interests are not proportiona te. Each tenant is awarded interest according to his contribution. Initially, the shares of Allan, Ben, Chris and David are determined by how much each owner contributed to the purchase of the property. After Chris retired and sold his shares to Fiona, Fiona owned Chris’ shares and hers as well. The sale of Chris’ shares to Fiona does not alter the arrangement between the remaining owners. However, a transfer must be used and fees should be charged on the value of the proportionate interest being transferred. On the other hand, Elsa took over David’s shares after David died. After Elsa died, Gerry and Harry became co-owners, each entitled to the share Elsa assigned him. It is permissible for Harry and Garry to hold Elsa’s interest in joint custody. In that case, Harry and Garry can be joint tenants so that they are both tenants in common with the other co-tenants. As joint tenants, they enjoy the right of survivorship which presumes that when one dies, th e other takes over ownership of the entire parcel which they shared before the death. This minimizes delays when handing over property. Incase Garry, having inherited property does not desire to claim any ownership interest, the interest to the property can be transferred to the other tenants in common. As joint tenants, Harry and Garry have four unities which include: interest, time, title and possession. Joint tenancy mandates owners to have the same interest, developed under the same conveyance, starting at the same time and held under the

611 Assignment 1 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

611 1 - Assignment Example This is with the main aim of gauging what specific people and project variables should be taken into consideration, to ensure the ultimate success of that project. The article clearly highlights of the inherent need to ensure that all the variables are taken into consideration before project commencement occurs. The understanding of existing variables will create a platform where the team manger and participants will work in areas where they have notable strengths. In retrospect, each and every team requires a strengthened resolve to attain and carry out its mandate successfully. The overall coordination of people and project variables go hand in hand to ensure optimal performance in the overall project. This is in line with the time, money and eventual positive success of the project. The skills, experience, exposure, number of people working in a team and how they delegate team duties include some of the people variables in a project. As for the project variables, it should be understood that they are unique to the needs and requirements of the particular project. However, there are a certain variables that have maintained consistency in lin e with what the overall project entails. Some of the notable project variables include the level of accountability and commitment of the team players, scope of the project and the time frame set for project execution (Rosenwinkel, 1995). This is also enhanced by the due consideration of the emerging factors in the project like budget and potential or actual application of technology. As a team member, one clear observational challenge is the overall lack of coordination between the human and mechanical systems. This creates an observable avenue to perform below expectations in the project. The advice collected from the article highlights the need for the ultimate coordination of people and project based variables. This is the only way that the project will attain the success

Approaches to Teaching and Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Approaches to Teaching and Learning - Essay Example My approach would be to first form the theoretical foundation of every concept in the learners’ minds and then demonstrate practical work or supervise them as they engage in practical work in which they apply the theoretical concepts learned before. I shall use direct instruction, informal instruction, inquiry-based learning, and cooperative learning randomly while teaching different techniques and topics so that students are never bored of the same teaching strategy and have something new to find in every session they attend. Besides, different learners have different preferred ways of learning (peterhoney.com, n.d.), so this way everybody’s needs would be addressed. Occasionally, I shall also invite experienced health and beauty experts and professionals to share their experiences with the learners and provide them with an insight into the health and beauty treatments and techniques. The strategies I shall use to enhance the learning of my students will include group discussions, demonstrations through tutorials on Youtube, group assignments, question and answer sessions, and circulation of journals. I shall foster a range of learning styles to achieve best results that would primarily include visual, auditory, and kinaesthetic learning style during the sessions of the first week. I shall design my sessions on different days in a week with strategies fostering different learning styles to accommodate the needs of all learners. Use of all these strategies would help me develop a holistic understanding of the techniques in the learners. I shall use the VAK model to provide the learners with an opportunity to see which teaching strategy works best for them. The visual learning style involves the use of vision e.g. seeing and reading, auditory learning style involves the use of speaking and listening, while kinaesthetic learning style involves the use of touching and doing. â€Å"The VAK learning

How science should inform drug policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

How science should inform drug policy - Essay Example It is proposed that there should definitely be more of the following: drug prevention for youth; drug intervention for young adults; and drug rehabilitation for older adults. This way, the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse can be severely limited or possibly even eliminated to a certain extent in reaching out to various age groups. Drug policy in the UK definitely has the potential to be influenced by the scientific research that is being done by Robinson and Berridge, as well as George F. Koob and his own colleagues, too. Drug prevention for youth should be put into place in order to prevent young people from sustaining neural damage due to drug usage. Alcohol and drug usage can severely impair brain function and cause neurological damage that is irreversible. According to Sussman and Ames (2008), â€Å"Robinson and Berridges (1993, 2000) incentive- sensitization theory focuses on the influence of neural adaptation (ie, sensitization) to drugs and drug-conditioned stimuli as the underlying mechanism perpetuating drug use† (pp. 81). Obviously, one of the concerns that plagues parents and teachers is the possibility that youth are exposed to alcohol and drugs early on—and as such, they are worried that their young charges and students may fall prey to peer pressure. Not only that, but it is a worry that the use of alcohol and/or drugs will be, unfortunately, used in order to stave off problems associated with reducing alcohol and/or drug usage. Additionally, it is a fear that young people will turn to alcohol and/or other drugs for recreational purposes.

Natural Gas Boiler Plant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Natural Gas Boiler Plant - Essay Example Stack gas analysis sought to find the composition of the stack gas, proportion of excess air, the average capacity of stack gas heat, composition of fuel, inlet and outlet temperatures and air to fuel ratio. A gas combustion analyzer was used to achieve this objective together with computation of various equations as follows. A bomb calorimeter could be defined as a device for measuring energy which combusts a specified amount of fuel in excessive air, comparing it to a baseline fuel which is of known calorific value. This would be achieved by measuring the change in temperature after a settling time in a given quantity of water. From this, the fuel calorific value would be computed from the ratio difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures. Determining the overall efficiency of the natural gas boiler called for arranging the collected information numerically. Efficiency was first determined using the input vs. output method. In this method, the energy input into the boiler (making use of fuel mass flow rate and calorific value) and that output from the boiler (making use of steam and feed water enthalpies and steam mass flow rate) would be compared. This method yields equation (ii). Alternatively, the efficiency of the boiler could be determined through the heat loss method. This has two major components: the first employs stack gas heat capacity together with the input and output temperatures; while the second uses the heat lost through radiation and convection. Equation (iii) represents this method. After weighing the fuel, it would be placed inside a crucible. This would then be dipped into an oxygen-filled bomb under a pressure of about 35 atmospheres. This bomb would then be placed into a container with predetermined amount of water. This container would then be placed inside a jacket. The impellor on the lid of the jacket ensures that heat is evenly distributed throughout the water while the thermometer

Challenges to the pharmaceutical industry's blockbuster-driven Essay

Challenges to the pharmaceutical industry's blockbuster-driven business model, and the effectiveness of GlaxoSmithKline's strate - Essay Example The model is mostly used in entertainment and pharmaceutical industry because they can afford to invest a considerable amount in their projects where the development, costs and risks related to the projects are higher and the returns on these projects tend to be higher too. The companies have to make sure that after the huge investment in the projects for marketing and development of new drugs is made, a considerable amount of control should be exercised on the revenue and profit streams. However, presently the blockbuster model which is proposed for the pharmaceutical industry has helped several companies to develop medicinal drugs that are worth trillions of dollars and has also led to the loss of exclusivity of several drugs. The actual cost of researching on a new drug is worth $1.7 billion and that is valued to be more than 55 percent of the increase in the average commercialization cost, which is expected to take down the investment returns in the past few years (Nisen, 2013). There are high hopes for the blockbuster model which is based on current investment returns, forecast, and successful commercial performance. The blockbuster model is expected to deliver actually 5 percent returns on investment which is significantly much lower than the industry rate risk and adjusted cost of capital (Nisen, 2013). This signifies that only one of six drugs is likely to deliver high returns above cost of capital which is an unattractive proposal for the required investors. The outcome of the establishment of the blockbuster model was as follows: Decreasing Research & Development Productivity- Compared to the thirteen medical products which were successful during the tenure of 1995 to 2000, during the tenure of 2009 to 2011, only eight medicinal drugs were found to be successful (Nisen, 2013). Increasing cost of commercialization: It has been observed that the actual cost of commercialization has been much higher than the expected cost estimated by the analysts. Monit oring Payment: The growing challenges and the rising price pressure on the cost of development have limited the total revenue from the average drug. Shorter Exclusivity Payments: The creation of the FDA approval and the MCO coverage is quite a time consuming process and has led to the loss of exclusivity of several medicinal drugs. This suggests that several medical drugs are under patent protection risk (Nisen, 2013). Enactments: Enactments like, The Affordable Care Act, has made the process of developing drugs extremely difficult because of the stringent rules associated with the act. These strict laws associated with the act have made it difficult for the pharmaceutical companies as the failed medicinal drugs which are developed by these companies are not reimbursed by their insurance firms. In most of the industries, there are several winning strategic business models which are prevalent. Blockbuster model helps in the improvement of the existing systems and processes within the systems and also, lays special emphasis on the utilization of the company investment in a systematic way for the creation of franchises for medical products. The creation of franchise system would help to achieve global sales of more than $ 1 billion (Nisen, 2013). In the past few years, the blockbuster business model could not solve factors that are responsible for the research and development activities, cost of commercialization and shorter exclusivity gaps of medicines. The model has failed to

The Best Workplaces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Best Workplaces - Essay Example Toyota Company also holds joint-ventures with TPCA Company in Czech Republic, Kirloskar in India, GAC in China, and Sichuan FAW in China. Toyota Company is headquartered in Toyota city, Aichi with several regional headquarters spread across different regions of the world. The company has good strategic management principles and philosophy, which has helped it to remain at the top of automobile producers globally. The production system of the company is based on lean manufacturing and just in time production, which have helped the company to produce quality vehicles. These philosophies have also helps the company to boost its brand name in the market enabling it make more sales thus increasing its profits. In 2012 and 2013, the company is said to have produced more than 10 million vehicles making it the first automobile company to produce 10 million vehicles per year. According to research there are four main elements that have enabled them to progress over the years; long-term thinking before decision-making, good problem solving techniques, continuous employee development, and continuous solving of problems which helps in organizational learning (Crawley, Swailes & Walsh, 2011). The main reason why Toyota Company was selected for this research is its steady development and progress over the years. Employees play a key role in a company’s development and as such, it means that Toyota have good human resource management skills that are helping them to nature their human resources in a way that will help the company to grow and become the world leading automotive producer (Crawley, Swailes & Walsh, 2011). Another reason why it was chosen for this research is that my uncle works there, as a line manager is the China branch. He has been my role model since I was young and want to embrace his career path. After finishing college, I will seek an internship with the company with prospects of being taken as a management trainee and later

Critique of a Political Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Critique of a Political Speech - Essay Example For the first appeal, or Ethos, it is usually utilized for the description of the speaker’s credibility or authority in the subject he is talking on. It presents the questions, what authority does the speaker to talk on the topic or â€Å"is the speaker knowledgeable enough?† Ethos also pertains to the charisma of the speaker, on whether he has captured or garnered the respect of his audience for them to listen to what he has to convey. In the speech of Obama, it is clear that the element or appeal of Ethos is present. Since it is Obama’s inaugural speech as the 44th President of the United States, he obviously has the authority, charisma, and trust of the audience. In his speech, he reminds the audience of his inauguration as the 44th President of the United States, offers his thanks and gratefulness for his victory and at the same time, and recognizes the enormous responsibility he is to undertake from his predecessors. Typical to many political speeches, ethos is established during the introduction where a speaker attempts to garner the trust and confidence of his audience. He posits in the initial paragraphs of his Inaugural speech, â€Å"Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents.† What can be appreciated from Obama’s speech with regard to ethos would be that Obama presented his authority and charisma in a very humble manner. He did not appear to boast that he is now the latest President of the United States, but instead conveyed an aura of humility. He begins by saying, â€Å"My fellow citizens†, where he at tempts to present himself as another ordinary American citizen, and he again mentions, â€Å"I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors.† Obama even sought to praise the achievements of then-President George W. Bush, which would have to a certain extent, healed wounded political scars in the recent elections. He stated, â€Å"I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.† For the second appeal, Logos, it is the employment of reason and logic to persuade the audience. Through the use of facts, statistics, and researches as evidence, the speaker convinces the audience of the truth and validity of his claim. As expected of a prominent lawyer, a former Senator, and the new President of the United States, Obama is well-informed, well-researched, and well-versed with political developments . In his speech, Obama presents the current problems of the United States. He states in paragraph 4, â€Å"That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our