Shawnee Political Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shawnee Political Leader - Essay Example Tecumseh’s youth was filled with battles between the whites and the Indians. There were abounding murders and massacres as well as relentless invasion of Shawnee’s lands and destruction of their crops. These images were instilled in the young Tecumseh’s mind and impelled him to fight for the people and their native land (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica†).Tecumseh’s youth was filled with battles between the whites and the Indians. There were abounding murders and massacres as well as relentless invasion of Shawnee’s lands and destruction of their crops. These images were instilled in the young Tecumseh’s mind and impelled him to fight for the people and their native land (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica†). Trained to become a skilled warrior, Tecumseh’s initial military encounter took place against an army led by George Rogers Clark into the Ohio county when he was only fourteen years old.   Being inexperienced, Tecumseh bec ame terrified and fled from the battlefield. With the humiliation he experienced, he vowed never to fly again.   (â€Å"Ohio History Central†) During the American Revolutionary War, Tecumseh fought alongside Blackfish in combined British and Indian attacks on Americans (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica†).   He also fought against the army of Arthur St. Clair in 1791. As Tecumseh developed into an exceptional warrior and leader of the Shawnee, the Indians in the northwest emerged victoriously.   Tecumseh called for the violent resistance against the encroaching white settlers in their land.   For this, he was greatly admired particularly by the younger generation of warriors (â€Å"Ohio History Central†). Albeit he was the youngest in the clan’s army, Tecumseh was the chosen leader because of his prowess in battle (â€Å"Encyclopedia Britannica†). Although Tecumseh was generally hostile toward whites, he advocated humanitarianism by admonishing his fellow Shawnees for torturing prisoners.... Being inexperienced, Tecumseh became terrified and fled from the battlefield. With the humiliation he experienced, he vowed never to flee again. ("Ohio History Central") During the American Revolutionary War, Tecumseh fought alongside Blackfish in combined British and Indian attacks on Americans ("Encyclopedia Britannica"). He also fought against the army of Arthur St. Clair in 1791. As Tecumseh developed into an exceptional warrior and leader of the Shawnee, the Indians in the northwest emerged victorious. Tecumseh called for the violent resistance against the encroaching white settlers in their land. For this, he was greatly admired particularly by the younger generation of warriors ("Ohio History Central"). Albeit he was the youngest in the clan's army, Tecumseh was the chosen leader because of his prowess in battle ("Encyclopedia Britannica"). Although Tecumseh was generally hostile toward whites, he advocated humanitarianism by admonishing his fellow Shawnees for torturing prisoners ("The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia"). There was an instance when he had participated in one of the Shawnee assaults on the flatboats that were carrying white settlers along the Ohio River. Following the attack, he witnessed the burning of a white man who was tied to a stake. He was completely appalled by the practice and heavily reprimanded his fellow tribesmen. With this, he discovered the powerful effect of words on people. ("Encyclopedia Britannica") After the war, Tecumseh continuously fought small battles against the whites in the northwest and assisted the Cherokees in the south as well as the Creeks ("Encyclopedia Britannica"). Forming Alliance In 1794, at the battle of Fallen Timbers, the army

Argumentative on Prison Overcrowding in the United States Research Paper

Argumentative on Prison Overcrowding in the United States - Research Paper Example As a result of this, prison overcrowding is a cause of major inefficiency in correctional facilities in the USA and the world over. This paper will be an argumentative essay on prison overcrowding in the United States. Over the last forty years, the United States increasingly tough response to crime and punishment has resulted in an overwhelming rate of incarceration within its states, thus overcrowding its correctional facilities. This is due to the criminal justice policies that the United States has adopted. Between 1972 and 2008, the number of men, women and children locked up in the United States has grown by 705 percent (Johnson & Johnson 4). Harris County is one of the most affected, despite the fact that they tried to increase the number of these facilities, the problem has not been solved as more and more people got arrested for misdemeanor crimes including minor drug offenses, filling the new facilities. As a result of this detainees are not provided with adequate medical c are, mental health care, protection from serious physical harm and protection from life safety hazards (Johnson & Johnson 5). The idea of mandatory minimum sentences is another factor for prison overcrowding. These laws were enacted in 1986 and are fixed sentences to individuals convicted of crimes regardless of proof whether they were guilty or not. The mandatory minimums were set with the objective of capturing the leaders in drug distribution networks. Thus low level drug sellers are the ones that are being held in most federal prisons in the United States. Room has to be made for the non-violent crimes yet the violent crimes are released on parole (Pollock 62). The three strikes law is another factor for prison overcrowding in the United States. This is a law that was created to control the rate at which offenders were received in courts. The law states that after a third major felony, an offender is eligible for 25 years of life in prison (Moore 1). Many of the offenders sent i n prison under this rule are the non-violent offenders especially those held because of petty theft. Thus people that have committed violent crimes tend to spend less time in prison than those who commit the less violent crimes. The offenders that commit petty crimes are many than the ones who commit the violent crimes, thus prisons end up being filled up due to the large number of petty offenders that are locked up (Moore 1). When prisons are filled up, it means that many law breakers are being punished; hence a peaceful and more secure society. This is the reason why the federal government is not disturbed with the idea of having to accommodate more inmates in gymnasiums. It is an indication that the society is rid of the people that hamper its peaceful coexistence. Therefore, it is in order for the prison department to lock up all the people that commit crimes so that they can serve as an example to potential and other wrongdoers as well as have a secure society. This is also an opportunity for the prisoners to change and integrate back to the society as proper persons when their terms end. Prison overcrowding puts the state on toes. It gets aware of the citizens that it harbors and this way, the state and the society as a whole knows that it has a lot of obligation to ensure that its citizens are well behaved. The overcrowding serves as a challenge to the society to know that the obligation of ensuring that the obligati

Student affairs Essay Example for Free

Student affairs Essay For a student affairs event, I attended a Brilliant Bobcat Workshop. The event was called U-Turn and was very informative. U-Turn was about helping with turning your academic life around. It was a presentation to help show that if you are put on academic probation or going in the wrong direction, that there is still hope and a chance to turn your academic life around. The thing I found most helpful to me was the resources that are found on campus. We went over all the resources helpful to students. Two of these resources that appealed to me were the Writing Center and Career Services. I learned that the Writing Center is a place to go when you need help with a paper. I found it convenient that you can make appointments online. Students go in to either an hour or an hour and a half appointment and get a personal tutor to help with any writing piece. Career Services also seems very helpful. Students can go here if they need any help with figuring out their major, if they need help with improving their resume, and even to help with job interviews. I found it cool that they would even do a mock interview to help you get the feel of things for the real deal. Another thing we talked about was distractions. We went over the many ways you can be distracted from school. For each distraction, we went over a way to avoid these distraction and how to find help if these distractions are hurting your grades. I learned many tips on how to make a U-Turn. I learned that to make good grades I should always study and attend class, to be realistic, avoid procrastination, eliminate all distractions, and set goals. If this doesn’t help, it’s always a smart idea to meet with an academic advisor or professor. For this workshop I sat at a table with a Pace Advisor and three other girls and we collaborated on everything that was said. I really liked this idea because I got to hear different viewpoints. I heard what other people do when they get distracted and some of their study methods. I love working in groups and I think it was very helpful with this workshop. The actual presentation itself was good as well. There were three different speakers that presented. One talked about all the different resources on campus. The second speaker was a man who talked academic probation and the process on how to appeal it. The final speaker was from financial aid and spoke about how grades have to be kept up in order to keep receiving financial aid. Overall, I enjoyed the whole presentation. The hour in a half flew by because I was interested in what was said. I liked all the speakers as well as my small group. I found it really useful and learned a lot. I would definitely attend another Brilliant Bobcat workshop.

Psychological Distress and Coping Strategies Among Transgenders Essay Example for Free

Psychological Distress and Coping Strategies Among Transgenders Essay â€Å"Why compare yourself with others? No one in the entire world can do a better job of being you than you†.1 Transgender is a general term applied to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups involving tendencies to vary from culturally conventional gender roles. Transgender is the state of ones gender identity† (self-identification as woman, man, neither or both) not matching ones assigned sex (identification by others as male, female or intersex based on physical/genetic sex). A transgender individual may have characteristics that are normally associated with a particular gender, identify elsewhere on the traditional gender continuum, or exist outside of it as other, agender, Genderqueer, or third gender. Transgender people may also identify as bigender, or along several places on either the traditional transgender continuum, or the more encompassing continuums which have been developed in response to the significantly more detailed studies done in recent years. 2 Transgender refers to a person, male or female, who dresses, acts or presents in a manner that differs from his or her gender norm. Transgender includes transvestites (both fetish and dual-role), drag queens, drag kings, androgynes and genderqueers. It does not include transsexual people.3 The transgender community in India, known as hijras, number up to a million people and occupy a unique role in society. On the one hand, they are called upon to offer blessings during auspicious occasions like weddings and at births. The rest of the time, they are not only ignored but often ostracized from society.4 Transgender individuals are commonly viewed as a part of the lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community, forming the commonly known acronym LGBT. However, inclusion of transgender individuals within the sexual orientation political movement, and at social or cultural gay/lesbian events is highly debated. This is due to the division of sexual orientation and gender identity, which, though correlated, are different constructs. Whereas sexual orientation refers to one’s emotional, romantic and sexual attraction to others, gender identity refers to the person’s relationship to their gender and is largely independent of orientation. It is important to make the distinction between sex and gender. Sex is biological and physical (e.g., chromosomes, hormones, gonads), while gender is psychologically and socially constructed. For transgender individuals, gender is not congruent with sex. In order to align sex and gender a transgender individual may or may not undergo medical treatment, such as hormones or surgery. 5 Psychological distress is the end result of factors–example, psychogenic pain, internal conflicts, and external stress that prevent a person from self-actualization and connecting with significant others6. Coping is the expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems, and seeking to master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict. Psychological coping mechanisms are commonly termed coping strategies or coping skills. The term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive coping strategies, i.e., the strategies reduce stress levels. Furthermore, the term coping generally refers to reactive coping, i.e., the coping response follows the stressor. This contrasts with proactive coping, in which a coping response aims to head off a future stressor7. Brief Resume of Intended Work 6.1 NEED FOR STUDY The term transgender (TG) was popularized in the 1970s (but implied in the 1960) describing people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery. In the 1980s the term was expanded to an umbrella term, and became popular as a means of uniting all those whose gender identity did not mesh with their gender assigned at birth. In the 1990s, the term took on a political dimension as an alliance covering all who have at some point not conformed to gender norms, and the term became used to question the validity of those norms or pursue equal rights and anti-discrimination legislation, leading to its widespread usage in the media, academic world and law. The term continues to evolve.2 The population of hijras in India is estimated to be between 50,000 and 1.2 million. There is a huge disparity in the numbers because population censuses only give space to define either males or females. There are no reliable statistics. Tamil Nadu in a path breaking move has come to recogni ze transgenders – (the term itself is no monolith as transgender is more of an umbrella term). 8 Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low status; the very word hijra is sometimes used in a derogatory manner. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras. Many get their income from performing at ceremonies, begging, or sex work—an occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times. Violence against hijras, especially hijra sex workers, is often brutal, and occurs in public spaces, police stations, prisons, and their homes. As with transgender people in most of the world, they face extreme discrimination in health, housing, education, employment, immigration, law, and any bureaucracy that is unable to place them into male or female gender categories. 9 Discrimination has prevented most hijras from obtaining decent education, jobs and housing, say transgender and human rights activists. The vast majority live in slums and, with limited job opportunities, resort to sex work or begging. They weave in and out of Mumbai’s traffic or come onto the women’s compartments of local trains, clap loudly and take money in exchange for a blessing. While hijras continue to face discrimination, they have also made significant social and legal gains in recent years. Last July, the Delhi High Court decriminalized gay sex, and in November, transgenders won the right to be listed as â€Å"other† rather than â€Å"male† or â€Å"female† on electoral rolls and voter identity cards.4 Tamil Nadu has an estimated population of 30,000 transgender people. It has made great strides in trying to integrate transgender people into society. This includes welfare schemes initiated by the Government and acceptance of transgender people into the mainstream media and film industry.10 The Hijra of India are probably the most well known and populous third sex type in the modern world – Mumbai-based community health organisation The Humsafar Trust estimates there are between 5 and 6 million hijras in India. In different areas they are known as Aravani/Aruvani or Jogappa. Often (somewhat misleadingly) called eunuchs in English, they may be born intersex or apparently male, dress in feminine clothes and generally see themselves as neither men. In June 2009, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ordered a census of hijras, who number between 80,000 and 300,000 in Pakistan. In December 2009, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, the Chief Justice of Pakistan, ordered that the National Database and Registration Authority issue national identity cards to members of the community showing their distinct gender. 11 In a national school climate survey on the school related experiences of our nation’s lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth, 55 percent of transgender youth report being physically attacked.33.2 percent of transgender youth have attempted suicide. 74 percent of transgender youth reported being sexually harassed at school, and 90 percent of transgender youth reported feeling unsafe at school because of their gender expression In a survey of 403 transgender people, 78 percent reported having been verbally harassed and 48 percent reported having been victims of assault, including assault with a weapon, sexual assault or rape. A study was found that bisexual students in Massachusetts and Vermont were three to six times more likely to use cocaine than their straight classmates.12 A study conducted on fifty-five transgender youth described their gender development and some of the stressful life experiences related to their gender identity and gender expression. More than two-thirds of youth reported past verbal abuse by their parents or peers related to their gender identity and nonconformity, and approximately one-fifth to one-third reported past physical abuse. The more gender non-conforming the youth were, the more abuse they reported. Four aspects of psychological resilience were examined: a sense of personal mastery, self-esteem, perceived social support, and emotion-oriented coping. A regression model of the selected aspects of resilience accounted for 40–55 percent of the variance in relation to depression, trauma symptoms, mental health symptoms, and internalizing and externalizing problems. Emotion-oriented coping was a significant predictor of negative mental health as determined by each of the mental health variables 13. A study conducted by GLSEN found that over 85 percent of trans students reported verbal harassment based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. Nearly half (49.5 percent) reported physical harassment based on these characteristics, and a third (34.1 percent) reported being physically assaulted. Transgender students get harassed much more often than their classmates: the study found that transgender students were over four times more likely to be verbally harassed because of their gender expression. The dramatically higher frequency of such victimization among transgender people is alarming, and as one would assume, has significant effects on a student’s ability to learn. 14 Psychiatric nurses are often in ideal position to assess the health and its problems and to offer education and support. Nurse needs to be knowledgeable about psychological distress and coping mechanism among Transgender people. When the nurse develops an effective plan for nursing management, she should consider family involvement, appropriate referral resources. The above studies highlight the psychological distress faced by the transgenders. As there is a dearth of research studies on transgenders in nursing, the researcher felt the need to contribute, explore and identify the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders. 6.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE A study conducted on the fear of experiencing discrimination often provokes symptoms of psychological distress. One coping resource is positive identification with ones social groupknown as collective self-esteem. This preliminary study investigated whether collective self-esteem was related to fears regarding a transsexual identity and psychological distress among 53 self-identified male-to-female transsexuals (mean age = 50.79 years). Participants were recruited from transgender events held in Arizona and California. The majority (81 percent) reported living full-time as women (mean length of time living as a woman = 6.33 years). Negative feelings about the transsexual community and fears regarding the impact of a transsexual identity were positively related to psychological distress. A regression model revealed that the fear of how a transsexual identity would affect ones life was the best predictor of the severity of psychological distress. These results are consistent with findi ngs from other historically marginalized groups, whereby the stress of being stigmatized by society adversely affects mental health. 15 A study used three focus groups to explore factors that affect the experiences of youth (ages 15 to 21) that identify as transgender. The focus groups were designed to probe transgender youths experiences of vulnerability in the areas of health and mental health. This involved their exposure to risks, discrimination, marginalization, and their access to supportive resources. Three themes emerged from an analysis of the groups conversations. The themes centered on gender identity and gender presentation, sexuality and sexual orientation, and vulnerability and health issues. Most youth reported feeling they were transgender at puberty, and they experienced negative reactions to their gender atypical behaviors, as well as confusion between their gender identity and sexual orientation. Youth noted four problems related to their vulnerability in health-related areas: the lack of safe environments, poor access to physical health services, inadequate resources to address their mental health concerns, and a lack of continuity of care giving by their families and communities16. A study conducted on the sexual minority status is a key risk factor for suicide among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth; however, it has not been studied among transgender youth. Fifty-five transgender youth reported on their life-threatening behaviours. Nearly half of the sample reported having seriously thought about taking their lives and one quarter reported suicide attempts. Factors significantly related to having made a suicide attempt included suicidal ideation related to transgender identity; experiences of past parental verbal and physical abuse; and lower body esteem, especially weight satisfaction and thoughts of how others evaluate the youths bodies. Sexual minority status is a key risk factor for life-threatening behaviours among transgender youth.17 A recent study undertaken to understand the level of General wellbeing of Male-to-female (MTF) Transgender population living in Chennai shed light on the mental health concerns of the transgender population in Chennai. The study consisted of transgender (n=33), and that had been selected for the study by using Purposive sampling technique because it was a challenge to collect data from the population, given their obscurity. A standardized Tamil version of the Wellbeing Questionnaire-12 was used. As for the results of the quantitative data, 75.76 percent of the samples fell under Average Wellbeing Category, 24.24 percent of samples fell under Better Wellbeing Category and 0 percent fell under Poor Wellbeing Category. From the In-Depth Interviews it is inferred that the socio-economic status of Transgender is very poor, they feel inferior to others and are constantly humiliated and il l-treated by the society at large. However, support within the community is strong.18 A research study has documented the link between mental health disorders and discrimination. The coming-out process for an older LGBT person, who has lived most of his or her life in a hostile or intolerant environment, can induce significant stress and contribute to lower life satisfaction and self-esteem. Managing social stressors such as prejudice, stigmatization, violence, and internalized homophobia over long periods of time results in higher risks of depression, suicide, risky behaviour, and substance abuse. LGBT populations, therefore, may be at increased risk for these and other mental disorders. There may be a higher lifetime prevalence of affective disorders in LGBT persons, but no difference in current prevalence of such disorders. However, while little is known about the actual prevalence of mental health disorders in LGBT adults, even less is known about the prevalence of mental health disorders in older LGBT adults. 19 A study examined the relationship between psychological well-being variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, and self-esteem) and level of outness in male-to-female (M t F) transsexuals. Participants were 105 M t F transsexual attendees at an annual transgender conference held in Atlanta, Georgia. Participants completed seven questionnaires, including the Demographics Questionnaire, the Outness Demographics Questionnaire, the Outness Attitude Scale, the Openness Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory-II, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. A canonical correlation was conducted with psychological well-being variables as the predictor and the outness variables as the criterion. Results indicated that psychological well-being variables are related to outness. Treatment implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed. 20 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM A study to assess the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders in a selected area, Bangalore. 6.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To assess the psychological distress among transgenders in a selected area, Bangalore. 2. To assess the coping strategies among transgenders in selected area, Bangalore. 3. To find out the relationship between psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders in selected area, Bangalore. 4. To find out the association between the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgenders with selected demographic variables. 6.4 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS * ASSESS: In this study, assess refers to an organized and systematic way of finding out the psychological distress and coping strategies among transgender. * PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS: In this study, psychological distress refers to the failure of the people to respond adequately to mental, emotional, or physical demands which will be assessed by using Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. * COPING STRATEGIES: In this study coping strategies refers to the mechanism that adapted by the transgenders to overcome the distress which will be assessed by using Coping Strategies Survey. * TRANSGENDER: In this study, transgender refers to people those are born with a particular gender but have the behaviour and characteristics of opposite gender. HYPOSTHESIS H1- There is a significant relationship between psychological distress and coping strategies. H2- There is significant association between psychological distresses with selected demographic variables. H3 There is significant association between coping strategies with selected demographic variables. 6.5 ASSUMPTIONS * Transgenders adopt different coping strategies to overcome psychological distress. VARIABLES UNDER THE STUDY * Research variable: * Psychological distress * Coping strategies. * Demographic variable: Age, education, religion, marital status, cultural background, socio economic status, area of residence, past experiences. DELIMITATIONS: * The study is delimited to selected areas of Bangalore. * The study is limited to 100 samples. 7. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 7.1 SOURCE OF DATA The data will be collected from the transgender in selected areas in Bangalore. RESEARCH APPROACH: The investigator will use descriptive exploratory approach to conduct the study. RESEARCH DESIGN: The research design for the study will be descriptive survey design. RESEARCH SETTINGS: Study will be done in the selected NGO’s for transgenders in Bangalore. POPULATION: The target population for study is transgenders in selected area. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE: Investigator is using purposive sampling technique to draw the samples. SAMPLE SIZE: The sample size will be 100 transgenders. SAMPLING CRITERIA: INCLUSION CRITERIA: * People who are willing to participate in this study. * People who know English and Kannada. * People present at the time of data collection. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: * People who are terminally ill or have critical illness. METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA Structured self reporting technique will be used to collect the data. Permission will be taken from samples and an informed consent will be obtained from the samples. 7.2 DATA COLLECTION TOOL * Part I – it consists of demographic variables like age, gender, education, socio-economic status, area of residence, past experiences. * Part II – the investigator will use Kessler Psychological Distress Scale for psychological distress and Coping Strategies Survey for assessing coping strategies. DATA ANALYSIS METHOD: * The data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. * Descriptive statistics like mean, frequency, percentages and standard deviation will be used. * Inferential statistics like â€Å"correlation co-efficient† and â€Å"chi- square† methods will be used. 7.3 DOES THE STUDY REQUIRE ANY INVESTIGATION OR INTERVENTION TO BE CONDUCTED ON PATIENTS OR OTHER HUMAN OR ANIMAL? IF SO PLEASE DESCRIBE BRIEFLY. * No, this is a descriptive study, it does not require any investigation to be conducted on patients or human or animals. 7.4 HAS ETHICAL CLEARENCE BEEN OBTAINED FROM YOUR INSTITUTION? * Yes, the ethical clearance certificate has been enclosed. 8. REFERENCES: 1. Available from: URL: http://thinkexist.com/search/searchquotation.asp?search=self+esteem 2. Gay and Lesbian Alliance against Defamation (online). 2010 May ( cited 2011 Feb 24); Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender 3. Available from: URL: http://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20070926024655AAZAbtB 4. Hanna Ingber Win. Global post. Transgender India: Banned in Bombay? (Online) 2010 April 10; 1(8). Available from: URL: http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/india/100409/india-transgender-scandal-banned-bombay 5. Kayden Z Healy. Internalized Transphobia, Minority Stress, and Collective Self-Esteem. June 2011 6. Available from: URL: http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/psychological+distress 7. Carver, Connor-Smith J. Personality and coping, Annual Review of Psychology. (2010). P. 61, 679 – 704. Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coping_(psychology) 8. Indian and Hijra (online). 2008 Nov 30 Available from: URL: http://shantanudutta.sulekha.com/blog/post/2008/11/indian-and-hijra.htm 9. Ravaging the Vulnerable: Abuses against Persons at High Risk of HIV Infection in Bangladesh (online). 2003 Aug: Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia) 10. Chennai: Move on toilets for transgenders sparks off debate (online). 2009 Jun 23: Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Tamil_Nadu 11. Ahmed M. Scalo Publishers (online). 2001 Sep 15: Available from: URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_gender 12. Available from: URL: http://www.youthprideri.org/Resources/Statistics/tabid/227/Default.aspx 13. Arnold H G, Anthony R D, John A F. Aspe cts of Psychological Resilience among Transgender Youth. Journal of LGBT Youth (serial online) 2011 (cited 2011 Apr 08); 8(2): (2y screens). Available from: URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19361653.2011.541347 14. Tonei Glavinic. Student plus online academic student journal. Research Shows Lack of Support for Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth in U.S. School Systems 2009 January 24; 1. 15. Sanchez, Francisco J, Vilain, Eric. Journal of Counseling Psychology. Collective self-esteem as a coping resource for male-to-female transsexuals 2009 Jan; 56(1): 202-9. 16. Arnold H. G, Anthony R. D. Transgender Youth. Journal of Homosexuality (serial online) 2006 (cited 2008 oct 17); 51(1): (2y screens). Available from: URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J082v51n01_06 17. Arnold H. G, Anthony R. D. Transgender Youth. Life-Threatening Behaviors. 2010 Dec 18. Thilakaravi. Mental Health Concerns of Transgender Population Living in Chennai, South India – A Study. MeD INDIA Networking for health January 2011. 19. Mark J Simone, Jonathan. Appelbaum. Clinical gediatrics. Addressing the Needs of Older Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Adults: 2011; 19(2) p.38-45. 20. Jeffrey D Strain, I Michael Shuff. Psychological Well-Being and Level of Outness in a Population of Male-to-Female Transsexual Women Attending a National Transgender Conference. International Journal of Transgenderis: 2010 oct-dec p. 230-240.

Presentation of satire in Brave New World Essay -- essays research pap

Analyse the passage (John the Savage in the hospital); discern presentation of satire and how it is wrought. In Brave New World Huxley is targeting consumer, materialistic attitudes that existed in his time (and still do today) and extrapolating, then projecting them into the world that is the World State, to serve as a warning to society of the consequences of these attitudes. The passage in question is from Chapter XIV of Huxley’s Brave New World, and more specifically features the incident in which the ‘Savage’, John, visits his dying mother at a hospital, and subsequently instigates a riot because of soma, which he abhors. The drug, soma, in particular is emblematic in its pervasive influence into the World State, of the power of technology and ‘ignorance is bliss’ outlook over science and it’s ideal as a search for truth. Soma is embraced by the populace as a means of instant gratification, embodied by such hypnopaedic platitudes as ‘One cubic centimetre cures 10 gloomy sentiments’ or ‘A gramme is always better than a damn’, drilled into the subconscious of the people, having ‘heard the words repeated 150 times every night for 12 years’. ‘Christianity without tears’ is how Mustapha Mond describes soma, contrasting with the Savage’s view that ‘the tears are necessary’ as displayed in the passage. The first satirical irony of the passage is that John is indeed referred to as a ‘Savage’, whereas the model of humanity shown by John stemming from Shakespeare’s presentatio...

The Columbia River Must be Restored :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

A problem is arising in the Northwest region of our country.   The Columbia River is being abused by human expansion, which is resulting in the depletion of the variety of species found in the region, the number of each species, and the quality of life in the riparian habitat. A river is a living thing, flowing through time as well as space.   A river has a personality that reflects past circumstance as well as condition.   The Columbia, though now shackled in concrete traces, a wild creature turned workhorse, still has an aura of power and controversy.   It has been abused for long enough.   It is time to let the river flow. The once wild, free-flowing Columbia River no longer exists.   Since the 1930s, hydropower development has modified the Columbia River basin from a system which once encompassed more than 30 unique and diverse sub-basins to a series of electric power generators that include 19 dams and 100 smaller projects (McGinnis 69).   The power of the river has been captured for human consumption.   As a result of this increased demand for power, new areas must be deforested and developed.   In effect, this evicts the animals from their homes and forces them to find other places for refuge. Over one and a half million people live near the dramatic beauty of the lower Columbia River (Frissell 382).   The people who live there depend on the river for their economic well being.   Many more visit from elsewhere for rest, recreation, or business.   Unfortunately, these activities have taken a toll on the river.   Humans have been taking advantage of the gifts that nature has given them.   Unless action is taken soon, there could be a large problem.   Human activity and growth is occurring and impacting the natural resource.   The effectiveness of land use planning determines the extent to which the critical habitat can be protected.   Appropriate land use and development practices can reduce or eliminate the stress placed on the natural systems. The significance of this problem is not hard to find.   With the population of the Portland metropolitan area projected to reach 3 million people within 50 years (Oregon DEQ), it is vitally important to act now.   The effects of this growth combined with past and present activities places significant stress on the natural system.   If left unaddressed, the adverse effects already documented will intensify, resulting in a number of problems.

What Do We Really Know About The Beginning Of Time? Essay -- Essays Pa

What Do We Really Know About The Beginning Of Time? Most people take for granted important discoveries, such as the Big Bang. It is widely accepted that the Big Bang created the universe, and while most people can explain the basic theory behind it, little else is common knowledge. Calvin of Calvin and Hobbes called it â€Å"The Horrendous Space Kablooie,† but many people do not grasp the enormous concept (Milne). How exactly do you prove how time began? A writer for Scientific American put this subject into perspective: â€Å"If you’re religious, this is like looking at God† (Milne). Cosmology is the study of the universe, its workings, how it was made, and what it will become. How the universe began has always been a wonder to humans. One of the first widely accepted theories in the 1700s, called infinite expanse, explained that the universe is infinite, with no beginning and no end. This theory had more to do with the philosophy of the time than actual science; however, there was no way to prove or disprove the theory. It was not until the 1920s that Edwin Hubble was able to study the deep sky, objects very faint and far away. In 1929, Hubble proved that stars are clumped in large galaxies, and many galaxies exist beyond our own in a universe that takes light billions of years to travel across. Not only did Hubble prove that galaxies exist, but by observing redshifts (a shift toward red in the visual spectrum of light because of the receding effect of an object) also proved that the galaxies were getting farther apart. Shortly after Hubble’s discovery, a Belgian priest and mathematics teacher by the name of Georges Lemaitre published his own theory that was based off of Hubble’s observations. He said that if the galaxies in the u... ... as many more significant discoveries are bound to happen in the near future that will help clear up the situation (Milne). It is certainly an age for discovery, and understanding newly published discoveries does not require a doctorate. While astrophysics is not everyday, practical knowledge, it can be very impressive to undersand and explain to others how time began. Works Cited â€Å"Big Bang Theory.† Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2004. 2003 PC ed. Glanz, James. â€Å"Accelerating the Cosmos.† Astronomy.com. 2001. 25 Mar. 2004. Lacey, Jake. â€Å"Milky Way III.† http://members.cox.net/llacey14/jakestars.html. 2003. 29 Mar. 2004. Milne, Rich. â€Å"The Origin Of The Universe.† http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/origuniv.html. 1995. 25 Mar. 2004. Schomaker, William. â€Å"Physicists Put Brakes on Accelerating Universe Theory.† Astronomy.com. 2002. 25 Mar. 2004.

Write a film review of ‘Spirited Away’ directed by Miyazakiand write comments on the style of reporting

She has puffy cheeks and downcast expression and can be seen as having an awkward personality – angry and miserable, and unwilling to do anything out of the ordinary. However in the course of the film, she matures and finds the things she truly values – though not in the usual obvious manner of similar stories. As with all of Miyazaki's films, Spirited Away is an experience in which along with Chihiro, we discover the weird and magnificent world in which she finds herself: a wonderland of bizarre and fantastic creatures, which are so real you can almost reach out and touch them. The movie begins with a downhearted 10-year-old Chihiro sitting in the back seat of her parents' car when soon enough, a shortcut down a forgotten woodland road, leads Chihiro and her family to a decrepit old temple with a strangely beckoning tunnel entrance. Chihiro, partly out of intuition and partly out of fear, suspects danger ahead. Against her bidding, the parents walk on investigating, discovering what they take to be a theme park. Along the empty streets, they are strangely drawn towards a delicious scent of food at an unattended kiosk and Chihiro's parental units begin to help themselves to the abundant food. Chihiro rejects the feast, wanders off and a boy of about her age appears mysteriously and angrily bids her to leave at once. The sky suddenly falls dark and rushing back to her parents, Chihiro is horrified to discover that the indignant spirits that inhabit the place transformed her parents, leaving her on her own, trapped in a bizarre world of spirits. All around her ghosts begin to appear. Chihiro initially thinks she in a nightmare but shortly the spirits notice her and her life is in danger. She gets some help while running for her life – namely, from the young boy named Haku who seems to know her from another time and place. It is Haku who tells Chihiro what she must do in order to rescue her imprisoned parents and return to her normal life: she must find work at the bathhouse that overlooks the landscape. Amazing imaginative creatures inhabit the bathhouse: gods and spirits, leisurely spending their time there, and a busy staff of servants who attend them. Gaining employment at the bathhouse forces Chihiro to sign a binding contract with Yu-baaba and relinquish her original name. Named â€Å"Sen† by the malicious witch, her servitude life is exhausting and unappreciated, but if she would like to save her parents, it's her only option and she has got to change – she'll have to face her deepest fears and attempt to remember her own identity and find a way to break her parents' spell, which is the only escape from the firm control of the spirits. Sen discovers an inner strength she never suspected she had which enables her to carry on in the realm of the spirits. What follows is a fantastic journey into a wondrously imagined world and lucky for us, we get the opportunity to follow her through her struggle to the other side and hopefully back. Not knowing how the story will turn out means that you go on the same journey as Chihiro, and all the wonders of the realm she walks into will be new and surprising. This course is what can distinguish between the film being good to the film being great. But Sen's adventures are just beginning! The film is filled with characters that are absolutely new to our expectations – no wicked characters like we're used to see, but instead: flying Yu-baaba with an overgrown head and her gigantic baby locked away in a room stuffed with toys. There are spirits that drift in and out, gigantic figures and tiny soot-balls – there are boys who transform themselves into flying wolf-faced serpents, and tiny pieces of paper that fly around and hurt people. Visually, the film is a feast for the eyes. The animation quality is excellent. The colours are richer than anything found in any American animated film. The magnificent animation is cleanly simple yet loaded with a level of detail truly astounding, intricately rendered in Studio Ghibli. There is a limited use of CG animation, but they are never prominent. While it provides a breathtaking illusion of Chihiro pushing through a blossoming flower garden, the electronic imagery blends skilfully with the beautiful hand-drawn characters and backgrounds in a vibrant manner. In many cases, characters convey emotions with subtle changes of expression rather than dialogue. Everything is perfectly calculated to the mood of the scene, even scenes that have no music at all add to the effect. The music is as good as any Studio Ghibli film — that is to say, excellent. Likewise, the voice acting fits the characters perfectly. A superb job is done by the English-language cast in reinterpreting Miyazaki's original dialogue where individual lines are contended with to synchronize with the existing animation. In the Japanese version, Rumi Hiiragi voices Chihiro, and Daveigh Chase being her English counterpart, both skilfully communicate Chihiro's determination and bright outlook. Spirited Away draws loosely on Japanese mythology and a never-ending imagination to create a small yet elaborate universe inhabited by all types of creatures. It's a fantastic fable like that of Alice in Wonderland. In fact, in Alice in Wonderland there are several references to characters eating things that transform them. Also, the movie shares all the peculiar characters of the fable, as well as featuring the journey of a character into a strange world. Spirited Away is absolutely more cheerful and entertaining which only adds to the fascination of the film. When Spirited Away won the 2002 Academy Award Winner for Best Animated Feature, the film continued to enjoy an impressive collection of honours, including best animated film success from the New York Film Critics Circle, Los Angeles Film Critics Awards, and the National Board Of Review, not to mention the Golden Bear Best Picture Award from the Berlin Film Festival and the Best Film prize from the Japanese Academy Awards. To date, Hayao Miyazaki's distinctive fairy tale Spirited Away has acquired more than twenty awards at film festivals around the globe, made the Japanese box office and resolutely secured its place in the chronicles of film history. Spirited Away will appeal to older children as well as adults. While both parents and children can enjoy the absolutely breathtaking animation, the adults will appreciate the story while their kids will most likely be left a little confused. It's not that the plot is complex, but it is the film's characters and world that are complicated. The film is elaborate on an emotional level, something that probably most of its audience will not be expecting. But for all its layered aspects, the film is driven by a wonderful innocence that makes it quite appealing and ultimately very satisfying. There is nothing overly frightening in the film (maybe the masked-face monster may be intense for very young children, but it's nothing too frightening for kids six and up), so parents should not have a problem taking their kids to see this. Viewers in search of an excellent story will not be disappointed. What distinguishes Miyazaki's work from his sources of inspiration is a lighter mood and a true understanding of childish wonder. â€Å"I would like to make it a film in which 10 year old girls can find their true wishes†, Hayao Miyasaki declares. This remarkable drama about a girl who continuously challenges herself and matures significantly over the course of a few days makes Chihiro a heroine. She is a heroine, because she fulfils and builds around her a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve world due to her matchless heart. She gets trained, learns about friendship and loyalty, and survives by using her wisdom because she gained the power to live. It is the main theme of this film to describe such a world clearly in the form of a fantasy. Hayao Miyazaki is one of the greatest animators and directors in Japan. The amusing plots, believable characters and astounding animation in his films have earned him international recognition from critics as well as public gratitude within Japan. Miyazaki has outdone himself as this film has all the wonder and brilliance of the other Miyazaki films and is in some ways one of his most compelling. Since it is better than Totoro, it may also be the greatest family film of all time. Both the artwork and animation quality are absolutely magnificent and actually surpass the heights seen in Princess Mononoke. Like some of Miyazaki's previous work, there are no definite ‘good' or ‘evil' characters. This is a rare thing to find in most animated films. The characters are out for their own self-interests. Yu-baaba is not a villain, she is a profiteer. She wants to get the money from the spirits who come to the bathhouse to relax. The masked-face monster is a lonely soul, who, when over stimulated becomes an fanatical eater of anything or anyone that gets in it's way. I found this to be a revitalizing use of character; especially considering how many films we see where the typical villain is nothing more than being bad for the sake of being bad. Now this masterpiece from acclaimed director Hayao Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli is available on DVD edition distributed by Walt Disney Studios. The two-disc set combines attractive presentation with a remarkable collection of bonus features. The film is presented in wide screen format with very sharp colours. Gladly, both English and the original Japanese soundtracks are available in Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround Sound. Spirited Away is an unquestionable masterpiece, a work of breathtaking beauty and strong emotional quality. Chihiro's journey into the unknown will undoubtedly entertain you as much now as it will ten years from today. With Chihiro, the audience too journeys along, awed and grateful for the chance to be part in an imagination so rich. This movie must be seen as an allegory of how devotion, friendship, and love can conquer greed and liberate one's spirit. From the way the film looks to the way the story develops, even to the way it sounds – Spirited Away is the best and most exceptionally rewarding film so far. This review was intended for a magazine because: o Magazines usually tend to go deeper and wider than a newspaper feature, since generally there is more space available. Because of this, the various topics could be expanded more. o In a magazine familiar words are preferred over the unfamiliar, therefore the style could easily be combined with the magazine style. The Title: o The title chosen reminds us immediately in the fable of Alice in Wonderland. In fact only the girl's name is changed in the title. o Both Alice in Wonderland and Spirited Away have parallels between them. These parallels are also referred to later in the body. o To make clear the use of the word ‘Wonderland' in the title, the reason for its usage is given straight away in the introduction: â€Å"a wonderland of bizarre and fantastic creatures† The Introduction (Lead): o Its purpose is to continue the work of the title by holding the readers' attention. o It teases the readers to guess what is coming so as to awaken their curiosity and persuade them to continue reading. o The first line starts off with a description of the movie's main character so that the readers are made familiar her instantly. It also arouses curiosity as ‘She' is still mysterious and her name is not yet revealed. This urges further reading. o A contrast between words is used to imply and describe the realm of the spirits: â€Å"weird and magnificent†; â€Å"bizarre and fantastic†. The reader might be perplexed and so reads on to answer the question aroused in his / her mind. The body: o Unity – the main theme is threaded through the article and has a flow throughout. o Coherence – all material used is shown to be related to the theme, especially by linking techniques and orderly arrangement. The narration of the story has continual interest so as to sweep the readers along. o Emphasis – the main purpose of the article is identifiable throughout. o Order – straightforwardly chronological; the descriptive parts are used to heighten the drama. o As a review it is short and concise, objective and impartial. It was kept in mind so as not to give the ending of the movie away! The Ending: o It tries to be fulfilling and satisfying to the reader in some way. o It is a summing up of the review and ends with an emotional atmosphere. Narration technique: o Suspense was used a lot, especially in the narration of the story of the film so as to make the reader constantly ask of what will happen to the protagonist. This was achieved through a lot of link words (e.g.: and, which, what fallows, this is, while, in fact, likewise), which are useful in helping to keep the thread of narration running. o There is often a fair amount of description mingled in, so that the reader can clearly understand what is happening and become interested in the protagonist. Style: o The style makes readers feel at ease in the writer's company, makes them listen attentively. Most words used are very flowing, objective with a sufficient pace to keep the reader hooked.

Development in infancy and toddlerhood

The development of infants and toddlers is the focus of Chapters 5 to 7. In these chapters, the various developmental changes that occur during the first two years of life are highlighted.Chapter 5 discusses the various physical changes that occur during the first two years of life. It stresses that it is during these years that a human being goes through the most rapid developmental changes. Infants and toddlers grow by leaps and bounds as compared to development at the latter stages of the life cycle. Furthermore, the chapter notes that physical development of infants and toddlers vary and are influenced by various factors. Heredity, ethnic background, gender, and social environment are some of the factors that greatly influence infant and toddler development. The chapter stresses that physical development during infanthood and toddlerhood are the most critical because delays or problems that occur during these stages may cause the human being to encounter physical disabilities lat er on in life.In chapter 6, the focus shifts to cognitive development. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory is highlighted in this chapter. The focus was on the first stage of Piaget’s theory called the sensorimotor stage since this stage refers to the first two years of life. During this stage, infants and toddlers rely on their senses to develop an understanding of the world around them. What infants and toddlers see, smell, hear, touch, and taste are what they think. In line with cognitive development, the chapter likewise discusses how infants and toddler process information. Furthermore, Chapter 6 looks at the development of language during the first two years.   The three theories of language development are discussed with focus on how infants and toddlers develop their first words and the patterns they use to produce sounds. The various factors that influence cognitive development in infants and toddlers are likewise discussed in this chapter.In Chapter 7, the emotional and social development of infants and toddlers is discussed. Erikson’s theory of infant and toddler personality is used as the basis of the chapter’s discussion. The chapter looks at how infants and toddlers develop their basic emotions and how they respond to the emotions that other people show. The development of temperament and attachment during the first two years are likewise discussed for infants and toddlers are known to be attached to figures that they commonly see. Parents, most especially the mothers, are the figures that infants and toddlers normally form attachments to.

Global Warming: The Overlooked Man-Made Disaster Essay

Man-made disasters are the consequence of technological or human hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents, industrial accidents, oil spills and nuclear explosions/radiation. War and deliberate attacks may also be put in this category. As with natural hazards, man-made hazards are events that have not happened, for instance terrorism. Man-made disasters are examples of specific cases where man-made hazards have become reality in an event. Global warming Global warming is one of the most overlooked and ongoing man-made disasters — one that will have the greatest long-term impact on humanity. Excessive amounts of greenhouse gases, particularly CO2, introduced into the atmosphere have increased average global temperatures forecasting a number of dire consequences. Impacts from rising sea levels, desertification, and damage from intense super storms like Hurricane Katrina have already created some of the first groups of climate-change refugees and some estimate that number to rise to 150 million by 2050. But even if you’re skeptical of the science, the excessive amount of carbon made has released into the atmosphere has started a dangerous problem with ocean acidification. As the oceans absorb more carbon, it’s turning into carbonic acid and decreasing dissolved oxygen concentration making some oceanic environments uninhabitable. With our own reliance on seafood, this in turn has threatened humanity’s own abi lity to feed itself. Together tackling global warming and ocean acidification are the biggest challenges man has created for itself and most living creatures on the planet. Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth’s mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 Â °C (1.4 Â °F), with about two-thirds of the increase occurring since 1980.[2] Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and scientists are more than 90% certain that it is primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation.[3][4][5][6] These findings are recognized by the national science academies of all major industrializednations. Plant Trees Reduce Fossil Fuel Use Conserve Water Reduce Waste

Cyber War essays

Cyber War essays Consider the following scenario set some time in the near future: A Middle East state decides the time is ripe for a power grab in the Persian Gulf and directs its threat to an oil-rich neighbor that the United States is pledged to protect. The aggressors elect not to challenge America in a head-on military confrontation. Instead they prepare a more insidious assault. In the United States and abroad among U.S. allies, a pattern of computer mayhem begins to emerge in a cascading sequence of events. Actually, the war has already begun but no one in the United States yet realizes it; logic bombs and computer viruses don't make much noise. A three-hour power blackout in a Middle Eastern city has no reasonable explanation, misrouted freight and passenger trains collide, killing and injuring many passengers; malfunctions of computerized flow-control mechanisms trigger oil refinery explosions and fires, electronic "sniffers" sabotage the global financial system by disrupting international fund-transfer networks, causing stocks to plunge on the New York and London exchanges. Television stations in the Middle East lose control of their programming and a misinformation campaign of unknown orchestration sows widespread confusion. Computerized dial-in attacks paralyze the phone systems at bases where U.S. troops are scheduled to begin deployment; computers at U.S. military bases around the world are strickenslowing down, disconnecting, crashing. More ominous, some of the military's most sophisticated computer-controlled weapon systems are exhibiting flickering screens and other signs of electronic malaise. Even though U.S. intelligence indicates hostile military intent by the aggressor, there is still no solid information on who is behind the events that have undermined the country's ability to respond to the threats. The reluctant conclusion is that unknown elements have launched a Cyber War Attack against the United States. This re...

Census 2000 Essays - Survey Methodology, Sampling, Genealogy

Census 2000 Essays - Survey Methodology, Sampling, Genealogy Census 2000 The plan for the 2000 census will make an unprecendent effort to contact every living person living in the United States and will contact more people than in any previous census. With statistical methods for nonrespondents, the Census 2000 will be the most complete accounting of the U.S. population ever. Statistical Sampling should not be a partisan issue . It is an American issue. It's about making sure that every American really and literally counts. It's about gathering fair and accurate information that we absolutely have to have if we are going to determine who we are and what we have to do to prepare all our people for the 21st century. We do a census every 10 years. Even the first time, when Thomas Jefferson sent federal marshals on horseback, we relied on the system of going to the households to count these people (Riche 34). As the years continued on and the population grew, It began to be more time consuming and progressively more expensive. In 1970, we started counting people by mail. We asked that Americans fill out the census forms and then send them back for processing (Riche 34). This is the current method in use. We know that the census missed 8 million Americans living in inner-cities and in remote rural areas in 1990 (Clinton par.3 ). We also know that we double-counted 4 million Americans, many of whom had their own home (Riche 34). The census missed 482,738 in the state of Texas; 66,748 of them in Houston alone (Clinton par. 3). With the current method of the census, the problem are not getting solved. Congress concluded in 1990 that the census failed on two grounds: It cost too much and measured two few people (Riche 35). Inaccurate information causes some of the biggest problems. For example, the United way recieves generous grants for very wealthy individuals. If the census is inaccurate, then it has an indirect effect on private investments of peoples' and governments' investments as well (Clinton par. 6). More than half of the under-counted in the last census were children(Clinton Par.4). A disproportionate number of under-counted Americans were minorities. That means some of our most vulnerable populations routinely are omitted when it comes time to providing federal funds for critical services (Riche 35). An inaccurate census distorts our understanding of the needs of our people and, in many respects, diminishes the quality of life not just for them, but for the rest of us as well (FAQ of statistical sampling). The WIC program is a great example. The Congress and the President have had a good success in getting a bypatisan majority to put more money into the program. But the funds, once appropriated, can only flow where they're needed if there is an accurate count of where the kids are (Clinton par.9). So, ironically, no matter how much money we appropriate for WIC, unless we actually can track where the children are, the program will be less than fully sucessful(Clinton par. 9). Hispanic Americans are expected to triple in the next 50 years, comprise almost 100 million residents( Census Report 1994). And interestingly, those populations are located in five of the six largest states of this countryTexas being one of them. Those five states comprise 170 electorial votes, 63 percent. In fact there is another 8 states that have large Hispanic populations. It is very possible that Hispanics hold the key to the future to the electorial college and the presidency. Getting an accurate count for aid is vital to this district which is composed of about 100,000 hispanic (1990 Census). Cost is another problem with the current method. In 1970, using the number of households counted divided into the total cost of census and adjusting for inflation, the cost was 10 dollars per household (Riche 35). The 1990 census cost 25 dollars (Riche 35). The census is very critical to the budget. The cost is staggering $4 billion is what expected in the year 2000 (FAQ of statistical sampling). And, again, that includes sampling. So we know if sampling is not allowed for, that cost may even rise another $700 milllion (Riche 35). Thats's a staggering amount, yet at the same the repercussions are

Definitions Essays - Measurement, Epistemology, Knowledge

Definitions Essays - Measurement, Epistemology, Knowledge Definitions All experimental uncertainty is due to either random errors or systematic errors. Random errors are statistical fluctuations (in either direction) in the measured data due to the precision limitations of the measurement device. Random errors usually result from the experimenter's inability to take the same measurement in exactly the same way to get exactly the same number. Systematic errors, by contrast, are reproducible inaccuracies that are consistently in the same direction. Systematic errors are often due to a problem which persists throughout the entire experiment. Note that systematic and random errors refer to problems associated with making measurements. Mistakes made in the calculations or in reading the instrument are not considered in error analysis. It is assumed that the experimenters are careful and competent! [pic] How to minimize experimental error: some examples |Type of Error |Example |How to minimize it | |Random errors |You measure the mass of a ring three times|Take more data. Random errors can be | | |using the same balance and get slightly |evaluated through statistical analysis and| | |different values: 17.46 g, 17.42 g, 17.44 |can be reduced by averaging over a large | | |g |number of observations. | |Systematic errors |The cloth tape measure that you use to |Systematic errors are difficult to detect | | |measure the length of an object had been |and cannot be analyzed statistically, | | |stretched out from years of use. (As a |because all of the data is off in the same| | |result, all of your length measurements |direction (either to high or too low). | | |were too small.) |Spotting and correcting for systematic | | |The electronic scale you use reads 0.05 g |error takes a lot of care. | | |too high for all your mass measurements |How would you compensate for the incorrect| | |(because it is improperly tared throughout|results of using the stretched out tape | | |your experiment). |measure? | | | |How would you correct the measurements | | | |from improperly tared scale? |

The Mayor of Casterbridge essays

The Mayor of Casterbridge essays A common event that happens today is the creation of a movie from a book. More often than not, most people tend to lean towards the book version than the movie version. Many people will not even go and see the movie until they have read the book. Most people find that when they read they are free to imagine what the characters might look like and how they may go about doing the things they do. When the go to see the movie however, they find that the characters are not at all what they thought, and the things they do do not make much sense as they do in the book. In the book The Mayor of Casterbridge by Thomas Hardy, Hardys use of descriptive words helps the reader to picture what he or she imagines the character to look like. It also presented the story in a orderly fashion. In the movie however, we see Sara and the grown Elizabeth Jane walking, as Sara is having flashbacks of what had happened with her husband at the fair. When i first saw this, i did not like it at all. I felt that they should have shown it in order just as it was in the book. But when i thought about it, i realized that by doing it they way they did, it was a bit easier to understand what was going on with Sara and it saved a lot of time as well. ...

Free Essays on Drugs History And Definition

Drugs have„ «History / Definition a long and notorious history for altering minds. Drugs are used as a way of In this speech, I will„ «escaping reality and disappearing into another world. assist you in understanding the history and definitions of various drugs. My proposed findings are based upon information I have gathered from a variety of Therefore, according to„ «what I believed to be reputable and credible sources. Professor Blum, from the University of Chicago the original home of cannabis is thought to be Central Asia, but has spread around the globe with the exception Early in its„ «of the Arctic regions and areas of wet tropical forests. history ¡Xthe Chinese undoubtedly used it as a hallucinogen. 1500 years later when they had their first contact with Europeans the drug had fallen into decline. However, its value had become a primary source of fiber and there is record of The United States declared„ «hemp cultivation dating back to Neolithic times. marijuana as an illegal drug in 1937. It has been a source of great controversy Another popular drug widely used in the United States is cocaine.„ «ever since. Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of a plant called E-Coca. E-Coca, a bushy shrub native to South American countries at high altitudes. Cocaine is the primary alkaloid in these leaves. In addition, Sigmund Freud, the famous psychoanalyst, used cocaine to treat many of his patients, later he himself became an addict. Cocaine was found to have a numbing effect, therefore it was introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller. Cocaine use fell off for various reasons, before it reemerged in the late 1970s. Though touted as the  ¡Ã‚ §perfect Next, lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly„ «drug, ¡Ã‚ ¨ it has ruined many lives. known as (LSD) was created in 1943 by Albert Hofmann. This drug gained huge popularity in the 1960s. Hofmann ¡Ã‚ ¦s description of his experience while testing the drug was a pleasant intoxi... Free Essays on Drugs History And Definition Free Essays on Drugs History And Definition Drugs have„ «History / Definition a long and notorious history for altering minds. Drugs are used as a way of In this speech, I will„ «escaping reality and disappearing into another world. assist you in understanding the history and definitions of various drugs. My proposed findings are based upon information I have gathered from a variety of Therefore, according to„ «what I believed to be reputable and credible sources. Professor Blum, from the University of Chicago the original home of cannabis is thought to be Central Asia, but has spread around the globe with the exception Early in its„ «of the Arctic regions and areas of wet tropical forests. history ¡Xthe Chinese undoubtedly used it as a hallucinogen. 1500 years later when they had their first contact with Europeans the drug had fallen into decline. However, its value had become a primary source of fiber and there is record of The United States declared„ «hemp cultivation dating back to Neolithic times. marijuana as an illegal drug in 1937. It has been a source of great controversy Another popular drug widely used in the United States is cocaine.„ «ever since. Cocaine is extracted from the leaves of a plant called E-Coca. E-Coca, a bushy shrub native to South American countries at high altitudes. Cocaine is the primary alkaloid in these leaves. In addition, Sigmund Freud, the famous psychoanalyst, used cocaine to treat many of his patients, later he himself became an addict. Cocaine was found to have a numbing effect, therefore it was introduced as an anesthetic by Carl Koller. Cocaine use fell off for various reasons, before it reemerged in the late 1970s. Though touted as the  ¡Ã‚ §perfect Next, lysergic acid diethylamide, commonly„ «drug, ¡Ã‚ ¨ it has ruined many lives. known as (LSD) was created in 1943 by Albert Hofmann. This drug gained huge popularity in the 1960s. Hofmann ¡Ã‚ ¦s description of his experience while testing the drug was a pleasant intoxi...

Fitz John Porter - Civil War - Major General

Fitz John Porter - Civil War - Major General   Fitz John Porter - Early Life Career: Born August 31, 1822 in Portsmouth, NH, Fitz John Porter came from a prominent naval family and was a cousin of Admiral David Dixon Porter.   Enduring a difficult childhood as his father, Captain John Porter, battled alcoholism, Porter elected not to go to sea and instead sought an appointment to West Point.   Gaining admission in 1841, he was a classmate of Edmund Kirby Smith.   Graduating four years later, Porter ranked eighth in a class of forty-one and received a commission as a second lieutenant in the 4nd US Artillery.   With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War the following year, he prepared for combat.            Ã‚   Assigned to Major General Winfield Scotts army, Porter landed in Mexico in the spring of 1847 and took part in the siege of Veracruz.   As the army pushed inland, he saw further action at Cerro Gordo on April 18 before receiving a promotion to first lieutenant in May.   In August, Porter fought at the Battle of Contreras before earning a brevet promotion for his performance at Molino del Rey on September 8.   Seeking to capture Mexico City, Scott attacked Chapultepec Castle later that month.   A resounding American victory that led to citys fall, the battle saw Porter wounded while fighting near the Belen Gate.   For his efforts, he was brevetted to major.    Fitz John Porter - Antebellum Years: Following the end of the war, Porter returned north for garrison duty at Fort Monroe, VA and Fort Pickens. FL.   Ordered to West Point in 1849, he began a four-year term as an instructor in artillery and cavalry.   Remaining at the academy, he also served as adjutant until 1855.   Sent to the frontier later that year, Porter became assistant adjutant general for the Department of the West.   In 1857, he moved west with Colonel Albert S. Johnstons expedition to quell issues with the Mormons during the Utah War.   Serving as the forces adjutant, Porter returned east in 1860.   First tasked with inspecting harbor fortifications along the East Coast, in February 1861 he was ordered to aid in evacuating Union personnel from Texas after it seceded.    Fitz John Porter - The Civil War Begins: Returning, Porter briefly served as chief of staff and assistant adjutant general for the Department of Pennsylvania before being promoted to colonel and given command of the 15th US Infantry on May 14.   As the Civil War had commenced a month earlier, he worked to prepare his regiment for battle.   During the summer of 1861, Porter acted as chief of staff first to Major General Robert Patterson and then Major General Nathaniel Banks.   On August 7, Porter received a promotion to brigadier general.   This was backdated to May 17 to give him sufficient seniority to command a division in Major General George B. McClellans newly-formed Army of the Potomac.   Befriending his superior, Porter began a relationship which would ultimately prove devastating for his career. Fitz John Porter - The Peninsula Seven Days: In the spring of 1862, Porter moved south to the Peninsula with his division.   Serving in Major General Samuel Heintzelmans III Corps, his men took part in the siege of Yorktown in April and early May.   On May 18, as the Army of the Potomac slowly pushed up the Peninsula, McClellan selected Porter to command the newly-formed V Corps.   At the end of the month, McClellans advance was halted at the Battle of Seven Pines and General Robert E. Lee assumed command of Confederate forces in the area.   Recognizing that his army could not win a protracted siege at Richmond, Lee began making plans to attack Union forces with the goal of driving them back from the city. Assessing McClellans position, he found that Porters corps was isolated north of the Chickahominy River near Mechanicsville. In this location, V Corps was tasked with protecting McClellans supply line, the Richmond and York River Railroad, which ran back to White House Landing on the Pamunkey River. Seeing an opportun ity, Lee intended to attack while the bulk of McClellans men were below the Chickahominy.    Moving against Porter on June 26, Lee assaulted the Union lines at the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek.   Though his men inflicted a bloody defeat on the Confederates, Porter received orders from a nervous McClellan to fall back to Gaines Mill.   Attacked the next day, V Corps mounted a stubborn defense until being overwhelmed in the Battle of Gaines Mill.   Crossing the Chickahominy, Porters corps joined the armys withdrawal back towards the York River.   During the retreat, Porter selected Malvern Hill, near the river, as site for the army to make a stand.   Exercising tactical control for an absent McClellan, Porter repelled numerous Confederate assaults at the Battle of Malvern Hill on July 1.   In recognition of his strong performance during the campaign, Porter was promoted to major general on July 4. Fitz John Porter - Second Manassas: Seeing that McClellan posed little threat, Lee began marching north to deal with Major General John Popes Army of Virginia.   Shortly thereafter, Porter received orders to bring his corps north to reinforce Popes command.   Disliking the arrogant Pope, he openly complained about this assignment and criticized his new superior.   On August 28, Union and Confederate troops met in the opening phases of the Second Battle of Manassas.   Early the next day, Pope ordered Porter to move west to attack Major General Thomas Stonewall Jacksons right flank.   Obeying, he halted when his men encountered Confederate cavalry along their line of march.   A further series of contradictory orders from Pope further muddled the situation.   Having received intelligence that Confederates led by Major General James Longstreet were on his front, Porter elected not to move forward with the planned attack.   Though alerted to Longstreets approach that night, Pope misinterpreted the meaning of his arrival and again ordered Porter to launch an assault against Jackson the next morning.   Reluctantly complying, V Corps moved forward around noon.   Though they broke through the Confederate lines, intense counterattacks forced them back.   As Porters assault was failing, Longstreet opened a massive attack against V Corps left flank.   Shattering Porters lines, the Confederate effort rolled up Popes army and drove it from the field.   In the wake of the defeat, Pope accused Porter of insubordination and relieved him of his command on September 5. Fitz John Porter - Court-Martial: Quickly restored to his post by McClellan who assumed overall command following Popes defeat, Porter led V Corps north as Union troops moved to block Lees invasion of Maryland.   Present at the Battle of Antietam on September 17, Porters corps remained in reserve as McClellan was concerned about Confederate reinforcements.   Though V Corps could have played a decisive role at key points in the battle, Porters admonition to the cautious McClellan of Remember, General, I command the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic ensured that it remained idle.   Following Lees retreat south, McClellan remained in place in Maryland to the irritation of President Abraham Lincoln.   During this time, Pope, who had been exiled to Minnesota, maintained an ongoing correspondence with his political allies in which he scapegoated Porter for the defeat at Second Manassas.   On November 5, Lincoln removed McClellan from command which resulted in a loss of political protection for Porter.   Stripped of this cover, he was arrested on November 25 and charge with disobeying a lawful order and misbehavior in front of the enemy.   In a politically-driven court-martial, Porters connections to the relieved McClellan were exploited and he was found guilty of both charges on January 10, 1863.   Dismissed from the Union Army eleven days later, Porter immediately commenced efforts to clear his name. Fitz John Porter - Later Life: Despite Porters work, his attempts to secure a new hearing were repeatedly blocked by Secretary of War Edwin Stanton and officers who spoke in his support were punished.   Following the war, Porter sought and received aid from both Lee and Longstreet as well as later garnered support from Ulysses S. Grant, William T. Sherman, and George H. Thomas.   Finally, in 1878, President Rutherford B. Hayes directed Major General John Schofield to form a board to reexamine the case.   After extensively investigating the case, Schofield recommended that Porters name be cleared and stated that his actions on August 29, 1862 helped to save the army from a more severe defeat.   The final report also presented a scathing image of Pope as well as placed a large amount of the blame for the defeat on III Corps commander Major General Irvin McDowell.        Ã‚   Political wrangling prevented Porter from immediately being reinstated.   This would not occur until August 5, 1886 when an act of Congress restored him to his prewar rank of colonel.   Vindicated, he retired from the US Army two days later.   In the years after the Civil War, Porter was involved in a number of business interests and later served in New York City government as commissioners of public works, fire, and police.   Dying on May 21, 1901, Porter was buried in Brooklyns Green-Wood Cemetery. Selected Sources: Civil War Trust: Major General Fitz John PorterNPS: Major General Fitz John PorterCivil War: Major General Fitz John Porter

Should the 'crimes' of the 'law-abiding majority' be criminalised more Essay

Should the 'crimes' of the 'law-abiding majority' be criminalised more frequently - Essay Example This means that the legal status of a behavior whether defined as a crime or not is in not in the content of the behavior itself, but lies in the social response to the behavior in question and the changes in the legal status of the behavior can be brought about by the transitions in the society. It should also be noted that the social response to crime including numerous explanations for crime are based not only on the nature of the act itself but also on the moral and social standing of the offender as related to that of the victim. Further, it is noted that in the absence of any ontological reality of crime, there are tests that are used in the construction of crime, one of which is the test of intention to commit the crime known as Mens rea (Hillyard 2005a, p.9). There is an area of criminal activity that occurs in the current society that involve crimes and unfair practices that are committed in the society and are usually committed by people who see themselves as law abiding an d who would readily reject the label of being criminals (Karstedt & Farrall 2007, p.7). They are known as the ‘law-abiding majority’ but they fail to understand that most people do not choose to abide by the law but are forced to abide by its provisions or are selective in their compliance with the law. It is important to note from the onset that though the behavior under discussion may be unscrupulous or unfair, it appears normal in the eyes of most offenders who try to justify it. The offences by the ‘law abiding majority’ are that the middle class commit the offences or ill practices but are also eager to blame the perpetrators when they find out that they are the victims of such behavior. Research has shown that the ‘law-abiding majority’ may bend more rules than what is in the public domain (Karstedt and Farrall 2006, p.1039). The crimes by the law abiding citizens though may be crimes of everyday life, they may not be regarded as antisoci al per se but could be termed as anti-civil as they show the absence of civility among the citizens who should show the opposite character (Green, Grove and Martin 2005, p. 233). Not all behaviors are usually considered as illegal in general but some are deemed morally dubious by both victims and the offenders and are not unusual or outstanding in nature but are mundane. Whether s.5 Public Order Act 1986 offences is more likely to be prosecuted than Health and Safety offences committed in the workplace Section 5 of the United Kingdom the Public Order Act 1986 was expounded in the recent case of Harvey v DPP [2011] All ER (D) 143 which gave the threshold of the offences under this provision. The case gave what should be used in the determination of the fact whether words used are abusive as interpreted against section 5 of the act and when evidence of their impact on an individual can be required by the court (Brown & Ellis 1994, pp.1-4). Under section 5 of the Public Order Act 1986, an offence can only be deemed so if it possesses two elements and include the fact that a person must have made use of intimidating, insulting or offensive words or behavior. Further, the behavior must have been disorderly or have displayed any writing, sign or a visible representation that will be

Supply chain management at Zara Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply chain management at Zara - Essay Example Supply chain management is the management of the network used to acquire raw materials, production and distribution to the customers. It can be said to be the process of attaining raw materials, production, storage and supply to the end users. Every business or company has to employ a good purchasing and supply chain management if it has to succeed in its production. Supply chain management is important to Zara because it helps in recognizing the number of suppliers that can be accessed by the company, their location, the distribution centers, management of inventory and warehousing facilities. It also helps in determining the strategy to be used in integration of information within the supply chain. Zara opened its first store in Spain in 1975 and since then its stores gave grown into giants and are distributed all over the world. It holds about 1000 stores which have been successful. Zara’s success is contributed by its unique style in fashions and accessories as well as its supply chain management.... Zara has been chosen for this analysis because of its success despite the stiff competition that is evident in the clothing industry. Sourcing Strategies and supply chain configurations For the management of supply chain to be successful, it requires a change from the management of individual activities to the integration of all the activities in the supply chain process. There are two crucial departments in the supply chain: the purchasing department and the marketing department. It is the work of the purchasing department to place orders for the company and to let the requirements of the company known to the supply chain manager (Venus 2010). The work of the marketing department is to distribute the finished goods to the customers. In doing so it interacts with the customers, gets view concerning the products and makes recommendation to the supply chain. In its attempt to respond to the demand of the customers, it gets in touch with the available retailers and distributors in their locality. The partners in the supply chain share information with one another through process integration. This involves collaboration between the suppliers and the buyers and the internal processes of production. For this integration to be effective there should be free flow of information among the key components (Christopher 1992). In the fashion industry, the chain of supply is complex especially for the retailers. It is rather long with many parties involved. In order to achieve a rapid response, proper management of the supply chain is required which will help in reducing the lead time and which can use other approaches to fasten the whole process. According to Daly & Towers (2008), there has been

Compose an effective and organized personal resume Essay

Compose an effective and organized personal resume - Essay Example In a resume, the important and intricate details must be clear and concise. Since many people are writing applying for the same job, it is crucial that the employer’s interest is kept in mind. A mini-novel for a resume simply does not cut it (Jaquish, 1968). Giving the intended audience all the information required would be appreciated since they may get to know more. The provision of some additional personal information would be of importance to the employer and interviewing panel. This is to ensure that the employer gets to see what the person being hired is qualified to do (Krueger, 2008). Also, it is important to let the would-be employer know of one’s areas of expertise. This does not just mean education wise. Honesty in a resume is the most important factor. It should be honest to ensure that the would-be employer does not get the wrong information. This could be very bad in the future. Below is an example of a resume. My name is Jennifer Lowell. I live in Yulee Florida, P.O Box 1138. My cell phone number is 904-233-9603. I am writing in regard to the advertisement posted in the daily paper for the job position offered by your organization. I am qualified to handle such a position due to the relevant qualifications I have in the area. What I want to do in the organization, if given the chance, would be to become the executive manager in charge of the daily running of the marketing sector. I have, over the years, acquired many skills. I graduated from Sandalwood high school in the year 1992. I went on to Florida State Community college. Here I graduated in 1996 with an associate’s degree in Business management. Currently, I am working on getting a bachelor’s degree in business management at Everest University. I believe that I can make it in such a position because I believe I am an effective team leader. I believe in making all things possible. Moreover, I do not quit even in the fac e of pressure and opposition. In

Global marketing strategy and product launch B&Q in Malaysia Essay

Global marketing strategy and product launch B&Q in Malaysia - Essay Example Current study reviews the potentials of B&Q, a well-known British firm, in the Malaysian market. The firm already operates in the international market. Still, up today the firm has not attempted to enter the Malaysian market. The successful operation of the firm in Chinese market has possibly caused the delay of such project. The stability, at least up to now, of the European market in which the firm is highly expanded, could be another reason for the avoidance of the firm to expand overseas. On the other hand, the review of the Malaysian market had led to the assumption that the particular market could highly benefit the performance of B&Q. The firm’s profits could be increased while the risks involved would be limited, at least taking into consideration the market’s current characteristics. A marketing plan has been developed for the potential expansion of B&Q in the Malaysian market. The requirements and the implications of the specific plan are analytically presente d. It is proved that the entrance of firm in the Malaysian market would have many prospects for success, especially if all phases of the plan were carefully monitored. 2. Background of the organization 2.1 Products B&Q has a wide range of products in regard to home and garden improvement. Currently, the products of the firm are estimated to 40,000 (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). 2.2 Market position B&Q is ‘the largest home improvement and garden centre retailer in UK’ (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). The firm was first established in 1969. Today, the firm is owned by Kingfisher plc, a major competitor in the context of the European’s home improvement industry; Kingfisher plc has also the third position in the global home improvement industry (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). In UK, the firm’s stores are estimated to 350 (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). For 2011, the firm’s profits were estimated to ‘?3.8 billion’ (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012), making the organization one of the most powerful competitors in the home improvement industry worldwide. The firm is already well established in the global market with about 60 stores (B&Q Company website, Company Information 2012). The firm’s financial performance is presented in Figure 1 (Appendix). The firm’s performance in UK and France seems to be much higher compared to its performance internationally (Figure 2, Appendix). The expansion of the firm in Malaysia could enhance the performance of the organization in the context of the global market. 2.3 Organizational objectives and vision The organization’s key objective is ‘to help people create a home that they are proud of’

Identify and critically review some key debates related to Essay

Identify and critically review some key debates related to inequalities and health - Essay Example lities in health between the most and least socially advantaged populations in the UK have been reported in every major report on public health (Black et al. 1980). Presence of huge health inequalities not only within but also between countries is the convincing evidence that socio-economic status seriously influences public health. Thus, life expectancy at birth in wealthier Japan is more than 80 years while in incomparably poorer Sierra Leone it is only 34 years – a difference which is shocking to say the least (Marmot 2005). However, growing inequalities in health in the UK and other developed and developing countries, coupled with the increasing disparities in wealth and income, have forced many researchers to rethink the traditional narrow approach to exploring the contributors to such situation. Social and economic circumstances have been associated though not as heavily as these days, with health inequalities for many decades. Socio-economic status strongly influences people’s physical and mental health, their use of health care, and mortality rates. Many recently published works on socio-economic determinants of health inequalities clearly demonstrate that these exist in the UK and elsewhere in the world, even in the richest societies (Krieger et al. 1997). However, none of the existing definitions or even groups of definitions comprehensively reflects the essence of the highly complex and multilateral concept which is health. Probably the most common and widely adopted definition of health is the one suggested by the World Health Organization: â€Å"health is positive concept that emphasises social and personal resources, as well as physical capabilities. It involves the capacity of individuals – and their perceptions of their ability – to function and to cope with their social and physical environment, as well as with specific illnesses and with life in general† (WHO, 1984). Evidently, this definition seeks to emphasize the complexity and

The Cylindrospermopsin Alkaloids Literature review

The Cylindrospermopsin Alkaloids - Literature review Example This review is initially focused on isolation of these natural products then moving on to environmental concerns regarding cylindrospermopsin alkaloids contamination before finally describing methods used in their synthesis (Murphy and Thomas, 2001) Figure one. The cylindrospermopsin alkaloids of cylindrospermopsin (1), 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (3). II. Isolation and Characterization Cylindrospermopsin (1), was extracted in 1992 from the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and characterized by Moore and co-workers. The characterisation was done using a combination of NMR and mass spectroscopy. (Ohtani, Moore and Runnegar, 1992) In 1999 during routine purification of cylindrospermopsin using HPLC 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2) was discovered and characterised (Norris, et al., 1999). It was also believed that the newly discovered cylindrospermopsin derivative could exist in the form of two tautomers. The conclusion was drawn from the fact th at the vinylic proton of the uracil ring was not detected using 1H NMR technique (Figure two). However, the presence of the uracil group in (4) was proven by investigating the absorbance maximum (?max) that was observed for every sample of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2). It was obvious that the natural material existed as a mixture of compounds but it was not possible to estimate the quantity of (2) (Looper, et al., 2005). Figure two. Proposed tautomeric forms of 7-deoxy-cylindrospermopsin (2). Discovered in 2000, 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (3) initially was found to be synthesised by Aphanizomenon ovalisporum (Banker, et al., 2000). Taking into account the unusual tautomer enol existence of the uracil D ring, estimation of the relative stereochemistry of cylindrospermopsin (1) was made. The uracil D ring was intramolecularly hydrogen attached to a nitrogen terminus of the guanidine group as described in structure 6. The produced configuration was in correlation with the NMR evidence which led the research group to the structure 7 as the most likely description of cylindrospermopsin (1) (Figure three) (Heintzelman, et al., 2001). The correct stricture for cylindrospermopsin (1) and its epimer, 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (2), were deduced by thinking about these alkaloids as uracil tautomers (Figure one). Figure three. Proposed structures of cylindrospermopsin (1) and 7-epi-cylindrospermopsin (3). III. Occurrence and Production of Cylindrospermopsin After the first isolation of cylindrospermopsin (1) from C. raciborskii in 1992 a number of cyanobacteria species have been found to produce cylindrospermopsin alkaloids in various quantities. These alkaloids were found in Asia, North and South America, Europe, South Pacific and Middle East. However, the leader is Australia. Most cyanobacterial species can be found on that continent. Therefore the concentration of cylindrospermopsin in that country is the highest. In connection with that, the outbreak of hepatoenteritis on Palm Island Australia is worth mentioning. The disease affected one hundred and forty eight people the majority of which were children (Prociv, 2004). It is presumed that treatment of algal blooms with copper sulfate caused the lysis of the cyanobacterial cells with further release of the toxins into the drinking water. The toxin was also found in Poland (Kokocinski, et al., 2009), however, the cyanobacteria responsible for its synthesis was not reported. There are cases where it was possible to isolate the toxin without detecting